Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM flap) - experimental model in rats

Ely, Pedro Bins; Ferreira, Lydia Masako

doi:10.1590/s0102-86502003001100007

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…This is a practical, inexpensive and effective method to study drugs' effects and their influences on flap's perfusion and viability 5 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notwithstanding, the human's superior vascular pedicle is equivalent to the rat's caudal pedicle 5,15,16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Necrosis in the TRAM flap, for the most part in zone IV, the most distant from the pedicle, has been of great concern [5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TRAM flap's rat model simulates the procedure and allows studies on flap perfusion and viability. Drug induced TRAM flap's necrosis reduction was obtained, mainly by stimulating its microcirculation, but surgeons still look for a more efficient drug 2,5,6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histological modification in TRAM flap in rats treated with pentoxifylline

et al. 2014

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PURPOSE:To investigate the blood vessels' concentration in TRAM flap's rat model, in the presence of pentoxifylline.METHODS: 32 male, Wistar-EPM rats were divided into two groups. Control group (C): 0.5 ml of saline, intraperitoneally, once a day, for seven days before flap elevation; PTX group (P): pentoxifylline (20mg/kg/day), intraperitoneally, for seven days before flap elevation. After that, they were submitted to a caudal unipedicle TRAM flap. On the fifth postoperative day, percentages of flap necrosis were determined via the "paper template" method and Tram flap's zone IV skin biopsies were taken for histological analysis.RESULTS: the mean percentage of flap necrosis in group C was 58.7 % and in group P, 31.1 (Wilcoxon test; p = 0.003). Mean capillary vessels number in zone IV's skin in C group was 33.4 and in P group was 71.9 (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS:Pentoxifylline was effective reducing the necrosis in the caudal unipedicle TRAM flap in the rat as well as increasing the number of capillaries in an ischemic zone (zone IV).

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“…This is a practical, inexpensive and effective method to study drugs' effects and their influences on flap's perfusion and viability 5 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notwithstanding, the human's superior vascular pedicle is equivalent to the rat's caudal pedicle 5,15,16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Necrosis in the TRAM flap, for the most part in zone IV, the most distant from the pedicle, has been of great concern [5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histological modification in TRAM flap in rats treated with pentoxifylline

et al. 2014

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“…To study variants of the TRAM flap procedure and the effect of drugs in its perfusion and viability, animal models were developed, including pig 2 , mouse 3 and rat 4,5,6,7 . These animal models set the stage for further studies about the TRAM flap 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine on rat TRAM flap

et al. 2009

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Purpose:The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is one of the preferential techniques used in breast reconstruction following mastectomy. Nicotine has a detrimental effect on cutaneous flap survival; although there are no experimental studies proving this effect on musculocutaneous flaps. The aim of this study is to verify the effect of nicotine on the rat TRAM flap. Methods: 30 Wistar EPM-1 rats were randomly distributed in two groups: control and experimental. The animals of the control group received saline solution injected subcutaneously, in a volume of 0.2 ml, twice a day, during 28 days in the preoperative period. The animals of the experimental group were treated with nicotine, injected subcutaneously, in a dose of 2 mg/kg twice a day, during 28 days in the preoperative period. All the animals were submitted to the caudally based, right unipedicled TRAM flap. 48 hours after the procedure, a study of the viable area of the flap was done through photographic documentation. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric Mann-Whitney's test. Results: The experimental group had significantly greater area of necrosis when compared with the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Nicotine increased the area of necrosis of the TRAM flap, in rats. Key words: Surgical Flaps. Nicotine. Rectus Abdominis. Surgery, Plastic. Rats. RESUMOObjetivos: O retalho musculocutâneo transverso do músculo reto do abdome (TRAM) é uma das principais opções na reconstrução do relevo mamário pós-mastectomia. A nicotina tem efeito deletério na viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos; porém, não foram encontrados trabalhos experimentais comprovando este efeito em retalhos musculocutâneos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o efeito da nicotina na viabilidade do retalho TRAM, em ratos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 30 ratos da linhagem Wistar EPM-1. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle e experimento. Os animais do grupo controle foram tratados com solução salina injetada no tecido celular subcutâneo num volume de 0,2 ml, duas vezes ao dia, durante 28 dias no período pré-operatório. Os animais do grupo experimento foram tratados com nicotina injetada no tecido celular subcutâneo em uma dose de 2mg/kg/2 vezes ao dia, durante 28 dias no período pré-operatório. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento do retalho TRAM de base caudal unilateral à direita (pedículo não dominante). 48 horas depois, foi feita a avaliação da área viável de superfície do retalho, por documentação fotográfica. Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados testes não paramétricos: Mann-Whitney. Resultados: O grupo experimento apresentou uma área de necrose maior, quando comparado com o grupo controle (p<0,001). Conclusão: A nicotina aumentou a área de necrose do retalho TRAM, em ratos.

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Photobiomodulation Increases Viability in Full‐Thickness Grafts in Rats Submitted to Nicotine

Souza¹,

Souza²,

Garcia³

et al. 2019

Lasers Surg Med

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Background and Objectives Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy with 830 nm wavelength or 660 wavelength to compare the effects with parameters of 30 mW, 0.028 cm2, 9.34 seconds, and 3.64 J on the total integration of total skin grafts in rats submitted to nicotine. Study Design/Materials and Methods Sixty male Wistar rats were divided in six groups: Sham—skin‐grafting surgery; 830 nm—skin‐grafting followed by 830 nm irradiation; 660 nm—skin grafting followed by 660 nm irradiation; Nicotine—subjected to subcutaneous nicotine injection (2 mg/kg twice a day for 4 weeks), followed by skin grafting; Group Nicotine/830 nm—similar to Group Nicotine, followed by 830 nm irradiation; Group Nicotine/660 nm—similar to Group Nicotine, followed by 660 nm irradiation. The percentage contraction of the grafting tissue was evaluated through ImageJ®. The thickness of the epidermis, inflammatory infiltrates, and the space between the implanted tissue and receptor bed were determined by histology; and the expression of vascular growth factor and blood vessel density (factor VIII) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results The PBM at both wavelengths promoted a facilitating effect on the integration of the skin graft under nicotine and had a more significant effect on the thickness of the epidermis and expression of angiogenesis without nicotine at a wavelength of 830 nm. Different wavelengths influence responses related to the viability of cutaneous grafts in rats submitted to nicotine. Conclusions The PBM with 830 nm and 660 nm promoted beneficial results in skin grafts submitted to the deleterious action of nicotine. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM flap) - experimental model in rats

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Histological modification in TRAM flap in rats treated with pentoxifylline

Histological modification in TRAM flap in rats treated with pentoxifylline

Nicotine on rat TRAM flap

Photobiomodulation Increases Viability in Full‐Thickness Grafts in Rats Submitted to Nicotine

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