"Mulheres agricultoras" e "mulheres camponesas": lutas de gênero, identidades políticas e subjetividades

Abstract

RESUMONeste artigo, buscamos tecer considerações sobre sujeitos e subjetividades na construção das identidades políticas "mulheres agricultoras" e "mulheres camponesas", analisadas em pesquisa sobre um movimento rural de mulheres no período de 2006-2010. A pesquisa utilizou o modelo etnográfico, com a realização de entrevistas, o acompanhamento e observação de atividades. Foram também analisados documentos, produzidos no período de 1994-2008. Nessa investigação foi necessário lidar com uma mudança política importante ocorrida em 2004: a unificação de diferentes movimentos rurais autônomos de mulheres e a criação de um movimento nacional. Na região estudada, tal unificação foi recusada por algumas das mulheres e aceita por outras, demonstrando jogos de força, produção de sujeitos e subjetividades. As posições identitárias mobilizadas acionaram/acionam discursos que se aproximam de concepções feministas essencialistas, mas indicam também estratégias de lutas, em que a afirmação da diferença é condição para a própria ação política.Palavras-chave: movimento rural de mulheres; lutas de gênero; identidades políticas; subjetividades. ABSTRACTIn this article, we seek comment on subjects and subjectivities in the construction of political identities, "women farmers" and "rural women", analyzed in research on a social movement of rural women in the period 2006-2010. The research used the ethnographic model, with interviews, monitoring and observation activities. We also analyzed documents produced by the movement t in the period 1994-2008. In this investigation it was necessary to deal with a major policy change occurred in 2004: the unification of different movements and rural self-employed women and the creation of a national movement. In the study area, this unification was rejected by some women and accepted by others, showing rough games, production of subjects and subjectivities. The identity positions triggered mobilized/trigger speeches approaching feminist essentialist conceptions, but also indicate strategies of fighting, in which the assertion of difference is the very condition for political action.

Mulheres Em Contextos Rurais: Um Mapeamento Sobre Gênero E Ruralidade

“…Ainda, no contexto brasileiro, Salvaro et al (2013) apresentam um estudo realizado com mulheres participantes de movimento social do campo, no sul de Santa Catarina. Problematiza a constituição de sujeitos e subjetividades na construção das identidades políticas das "mulheres agricultoras" e "mulheres camponesas".…”

Women working in animal husbandry: a study in the agroecological transition context

“…These two factors promote the (re) production of a natural/maternal connotation to work with animals. Studies conducted, including in agroecological scenarios, have recognized the backyard and surroundings of the house as important places for family (re)production and female empowerment (SALES, 2005;LOPES NETO et al, 2015) and make the participation of women in animal husbandry more evident (FAO, 2011).…”

“…Thus, the backyard operates as a double place of care: that of the naturalized care of animals, an extension of 'maternity'; and that of an activity that provides sustenance, well-being, and quality of life for the family. The latter, according to SALES (2005), is embodied in the fact that 'small-scale husbandry' contributes significantly to food security, in the family economy and in strengthening sustainable agriculture. In the family economy, in addition to being a source of income, animals constitute strategic savings.…”

“…Therefore, we question whether being in the backyard and caring for the animals would be a choice or an imposition. Despite the efforts to make the work carried out in backyards visible, in order to imply the empowerment of women because they are economically important spaces (SALES, 2005;LOPES NETO et al, 2015), it appears that this does not change the sexist dynamics of organization and perception of spaces in properties, even in the context of an agroecological transition. That is, backyards, although productive, remain within the surroundings of the houses, and are associated with the domestic space and/or the conciliation of women's tasks there, since there is a strong perception that domestic work is the sole responsibility of women.…”

“…These transformations may partially result from the insertion of women in political spaces such as unions and collectives/women's movements, as observed among the women interviewed in this study. In these spaces, political education, which generally includes feminist debates and debates on gender relations, self-knowledge is produced and women are made aware that they develop productive activities that are similar to (or greater than) those of men, thus enabling the reconsideration of their relations, the perception of inequalities among men and women, and their desires for change, both in the family and social spheres (SALES, 2007;SILVA, 2012;SALVARO et al, 2013;SILIPRANDI, 2015). In Brazil, the process of induction and strengthening of these spaces within the scope of agroecology was fundamental to the formulation of the PNAPO which incorporates in its text the gender approach and the stimulus to the participation of women in collective organizations that act in the productive, social and, political spheres (BRASIL, 2012).…”