The neurobiology of infant maternal odor learning

Raineki, Charlis; Pickenhagen, Anouchka; Roth, Tania L.; Babstock, Doris M.; McLean, John H.; Harley, Carolyn W.; Lucion, Aldo Bolten; Sullivan, Regina M.

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500090

Cited by 49 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Statistical significance was found for PN14 ( F (2,23) = 41.170, p < 0.001, n = 8/group) but not PN23 (all S.E.M. = 0), which replicates previous data from the lab (Raineki et al, 2010). Fisher’s post hoc tests revealed that when maternal odor was infused into the testing environment, pups showed significantly shorter latencies to nipple attach relative to groups when acetophenone or no odor was presented ( p < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Neurobehavioral assessment of maternal odor in developing rat pups: implications for social buffering

Aïn

Perry

Nuñez

et al. 2016

Social Neuroscience

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Social support can attenuate the behavioral and stress hormone response to threat, a phenomenon called social buffering. The mother’s social buffering of the infant is one of the more robust examples; yet we understand little about the neurobiology. Using a rodent model, we explore the neurobiology of social buffering by assessing neural processing of the maternal odor, a major cue controlling social buffering in rat pups. We used pups before (postnatal day (PN) 7) and after (PN14, PN23) the functional emergence of social buffering. Pups were injected with 14C 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and presented with the maternal odor, a control preferred odor incapable of social buffering (acetophenone), or no odor. Brains were removed, processed for autoradiography and brain areas identified as important in adult social buffering were assessed, including the amygdala basolateral complex (Basolateral Amygdala [BLA]), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Results suggest dramatic changes in the processing of maternal odor. PN7 pups show mPFC and ACC activation, although PN14 pups showed no activation of the mPFC, ACC, or BLA. All brain areas assessed were recruited by PN23. Additional analysis suggests substantial changes in functional connectivity across development. Together, these results imply complex nonlinear transitions in the neurobiology of social buffering in early life that may provide insight into the changing role of the mother in supporting social buffering.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Neurobehavioral assessment of maternal odor in developing rat pups: implications for social buffering

Aïn

Perry

Nuñez

et al. 2016

Social Neuroscience

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“…The correlation between cellular and perceptual effects of neuromodulators has been comparatively more extensively investigated in the OB; as a consequence, more detail about the role of neuromodulators in the OB will be provided compared to other structures. Neonatal olfactory learning in rodents, for which neuromodulatory systems are especially crucial, has been extensively reviewed elsewhere and will not be included in the present review [14, 15]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional neuromodulation of chemosensation in vertebrates

Linster

Fontanini

2014

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

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Neuromodulation can be defined as a biophysical process that serves to modify – or modulate - the computation performed by a neuron or network as a function of task demands and behavioral state of the animal. These modulatory effects often involve substances extrinsic to the network under observation, such as acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), histamine, serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and a variety of neuropeptides. Olfactory and gustatory processes especially need to be adaptive and respond flexibly to changing environments, availability of resources and physiological needs. It is therefore crucial to understand the neuromodulatory processes that regulate the function of these systems.

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“…Odors paired with stimuli mimicking maternal care are associatively acquired through the pairing of odor activation (conditioned stimulus, CS) and activation of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (unconditioned stimulus, UCS) (Moriceau et al 2009;Raineki et al 2010;Landers and Sullivan 2012). Direct stimulation of b-adrenergic receptors in the olfactory bulb concomitant with novel odor is both necessary and sufficient to initiate odor preference learning (Sullivan et al 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epac activation initiates associative odor preference memories in the rat pup

et al. 2015

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Here we examine the role of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) in b-adrenergic-dependent associative odor preference learning in rat pups. Bulbar Epac agonist (8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP, or 8-pCPT) infusions, paired with odor, initiated preference learning, which was selective for the paired odor. Interestingly, pairing odor with Epac activation produced both short-term (STM) and long-term (LTM) odor preference memories. Training using b-adrenergic-activation paired with odor recruited rapid and transient ERK phosphorylation consistent with a role for Epac activation in normal learning. An ERK antagonist prevented intermediate-term memory (ITM) and LTM, but not STM. Epac agonist infusions induced ERK phosphorylation in the mitral cell layer, in the inner half of the dendritic external plexiform layer, in the glomeruli and, patchily, among granule cells. Increased CREB phosphorylation in the mitral and granule cell layers was also seen. Simultaneous blockade of both ERK and CREB pathways prevented any long-term b-adrenergic activated odor preference memory, while LTM deficits associated with blocking only one pathway were prevented by stronger b-adrenergic activation. These results suggest that Epac and PKA play parallel and independent, as well as likely synergistic, roles in creating cAMP-dependent associative memory in rat pups. They further implicate a novel ERK-independent pathway in the mediation of STM by Epac.

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The neurobiology of infant maternal odor learning

Cited by 49 publications

References 55 publications

Neurobehavioral assessment of maternal odor in developing rat pups: implications for social buffering

Neurobehavioral assessment of maternal odor in developing rat pups: implications for social buffering

Functional neuromodulation of chemosensation in vertebrates

Epac activation initiates associative odor preference memories in the rat pup

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