Municipalities of higher vulnerability to Sylvatic Yellow Fever occurrence in the São Paulo State, Brazil

Abstract

Until 1999 the endemic cases of Sylvatic Yellow Fever were located in the states of northern, midwestern and pre-Amazon regions. Since then, the disease progressively expanded its territory of occurrence, cases being registered beyond the traditional boundaries of endemism. The São Paulo State is considered to be part of this context, since after decades without registration of autochthonous cases of the disease, it reported, in 2000 and 2008-2009, epizootic occurrence in non-human primates and 30 cases in humans. Facts like these, added to the increase in incidences of serious adverse effects resulting from the Yellow Fever vaccination, have highlighted the importance of defining priority municipalities for vaccination against the disease in the state. Two groups of municipalities, some affected and some non-affected by YF, were compared for environmental variables related to the eco-epidemiology of the disease according to literature. The Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was used to pinpoint the factor able to differentiate the two groups of municipalities and define the levels of risk. The southeast region of the São Paulo State was considered to be the area with a higher number of municipalities classified as high risk and should be considered a priority for the application of prevention measures against Yellow Fever.

Yellow fever impact on brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Argentina: a metamodelling approach based on population viability analysis and epidemiological dynamics

“…For this reason, howler monkeys are considered excellent sentinel species for the early detection of YF epidemics ( Araújo et al 2011) . During the periods 2000-2003 and 2007-2010, the circulation of YFV in South America was identified in areas considered for decades to be free of the disease, being detected in southeastern and southern Brazil in 2000 ( Vasconcelos et al 2001) and again in 2007 ( Araújo et al 2011 , Moreno & Barata 2011) and hitting northeastern Argentina in November 2007 ( Holzmann et al 2010 , Goenaga et al 2012) . In Misiones province in northeastern Argentina, YF was diagnosed in howler monkeys and humans ( Goenaga et al 2012) .…”

Visualizing knowledge and attitude factors related to influenza vaccination of physicians

“…One study analyzed yellow fever vaccination in exposed people in São Paulo State [29], and another studied factors limiting the use of hepatitis B vaccine in a survey of French family physicians [30]. MCA is a multivariate method designed only for categorical variables.…”

A public health risk assessment for yellow fever vaccination: a model exemplified by an outbreak in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

“…Yellow fever (YF) is an haemorrhagic fever caused by the prototype member of the genus Flavivirus (a name which translates from Latin as "yellow virus") family Flaviridae ( Monath 2001 , Moreno et al. 2011 ).…”

“…2011 ). This family comprises approximately 70 viruses ( Moreno et al 2011 ), most of which are transmitted by arthropod insects (hence the name arthropod born viruses or arboviruses). Genomic sequence analysis suggests that the YF virus evolved from other mosquito-borne viruses 3,000 years ago ( Zanotto et al 1996 ).…”

“…aegypti invaded Brazil again through the port of Salvador, state of Bahia, and spread throughout the country, infesting more than 80% of the Brazilian cities since then. Urban YF has never resurged and the diseased remained enzootic, causing occasional sporadic human cases ( Costa et al 2011 , Moreno & Barata 2011 ).…”