Política externa planejada: os planos plurianuais e a ação internacional do Brasil, de Cardoso a Lula (1995-2008)

Abstract

IntroduçãoO Brasil tem uma sólida tradição em planejamento, que começou a ganhar corpo a partir da primeira metade do século passado. Desde o Plano Salte, no Governo de Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951), do Plano de Metas de Juscelino Kubitschek, (1956)(1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961) até os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento (PNDs) da década de 1970, o país acumulou uma bagagem valiosa em termos de planejamento governamental que, dentro das estratégias de desenvolvimento nacional, sempre tiveram impactos no modo pelo qual o país se lançava ao mundo e definia suas prioridades para as relações internacionais (ALMEIDA, 2004).A partir do III Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento -PND, que cobriu o mandato do último governo militar, de 1979 a 1985, e com o I Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Nova República, que data de 1986, os principais instrumentos do planejamento federal passaram a representar documentos meramente formais. Com o ritmo inflacionário ganhando força, os planos e os orçamentos estatais, sem uma revisão periódica consistente, tornavam-se rapidamente peças declaratórias da reduzida capacidade de implementação do Estado brasileiro.A Constituição de 1988 tentou resgatar a importância do planejamento, implementando os planos plurianuais (PPAs), hierarquicamente superiores e vinculantes às leis orçamentárias, e tornando crime de responsabilidade do presidente da República, sujeito à impedimento, o seu não envio ao Congresso * Professor do Instituto de Relações Internacionais pela Universidade de Brasília (iREL-UnB) e pesquisador do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -CNPq (alessa@unb.br).

The Defense-Development Nexus: Brazilian Nuclear Policy under the Workers’ Party Administrations

“…Considering that the formulation of Brazilian foreign policy also can be examined as an aspect of broader national objectives regarding state planning, including first and foremost its search for national development (Lessa et al 2009), we observe how the nuclear sector expresses close links between foreign policy and national development. With that in mind, in what follows our aim is first to briefly present the perspective on development underpinning the Workers' Party government, focusing on the features that are relevant to our discussion in this text.…”

“…In 2005, Admiral Othon Luiz Pinheiro da Silva was appointed head of Eletro nuclear, which was a clear indicator of the renewed relevance of the Brazilian nuclear projects, since Admiral Othon is considered one of fathers of the Brazilian nuclear programme and was tasked in the 1980s to build a nuclear reactor. Another important development took place in 2007, when President Lula visited the Navy's nuclear facilities in Aramar and announced that he would designate one billion Brazilian Reais to revitalise the programme (Kassenova 2014) 31 .…”

Public-private re-alignments: the role of structural economic transformations in spurring the joint international engagement of agribusiness and the Brazilian State

“…The developments within the institutional dimension of agricultural markets transmitted a range of neoliberal imperatives (CAVALCANTI; KRONE, 2015, p. 117) which were largely in line with the logic of the Washington Consensus, predominant at the time. Lessa et al (2009) accentuate that the Brazilian foreign strategy of the 1990s was strongly characterized by an urge towards participation within the international system, resulting in the eager internalization of the neoliberal policy prescriptions of the day. Two central and interrelated dynamics came to determine the conformation of the domestic Brazilian agricultural regime to international obligations; the opening to international investment and the dismantling of internal support measures.…”

Is Politics Behind Trade? The Impact of International Trends and Diplomatic Action on Brazil's Exports during Globalisation

“…In that year, the president created the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade to foster exports (Presidência da República, ). Furthermore, aligned with the export‐led strategy, the 2000–2003 national development plan reiterated the need to increase exports and to deepen integration with international partners, especially MERCOSUR members (Presidência da República, ; Lessa et al, ). It was not only industry that benefited from the more assertive approach, as Brazil's disputes in WTO panels showed (Goldstein and McGuire, ).…”