Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships

Abstract

The Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion (NMAF) includes part of the eastern Brazilian coastal drainages, has high level of fish endemism and great biogeographic significance. A taxonomic inventory of freshwater fishes from 25 drainages of the NMAF ecoregion and a biogeographic analysis using the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) method were carried out. A total of 192 native species was listed. The PAE method was applied to 24 basins and 37 species, resulting in five equally parsimonious area diagrams. The strict consensus diagram indicates the existence of two main groups of basins throughout the NMAF ecoregion. These groups were denominated: North Group and Central-South Group. The CentralSouth Group shows a basal polytomy composed by two Groups (Central Group and South Group) plus the rio Itapemirim basin. The North Group is composed by eight drainages from the rio Sergipe to the rio Paraguaçu, the Central Group by five drainages from the rio Cachoeira to the rio Jequitinhonha, and the South Group by nine drainages from the rio Buranhém to the rio Doce. Comments about the species distribution and the fish fauna shared with adjacent ecoregions are provided. We also present a comparison of the hypothesis of river relationships proposed herein with published phylogenetic hypotheses that include taxa relevant to this study.A ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste (NMAF) inclui parte das drenagens costeiras do leste do Brasil, tem alto grau de endemismo de peixes e grande significado biogeográfico. Um levantamento taxonômico da ictiofauna de água doce de 25 drenagens da ecorregião NMAF e uma análise biogeográfica utilizando o método de Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE) foram realizados. Um total de 192 espécies nativas foi listado. O método PAE foi aplicado a 24 bacias e 37 espécies, resultando em cinco diagramas de áreas igualmente parcimoniosos. O diagrama de consenso estrito indica a existência de dois grupos de bacias principais ao longo da ecorregião NMAF. Estes grupos foram denominados: Grupo Norte e Grupo Centro-Sul. O Grupo Centro-Sul apresenta uma politomia basal composta por dois grupos (Grupo Centro e Grupo Sul) mais a bacia do rio Itapemirim. O Grupo Norte é formado por oito drenagens entre o rio Sergipe e o rio Paraguaçu, o Grupo Centro por cinco drenagens entre o rio Cachoeira e o rio Jequitinhonha e o Grupo Sul por nove drenagens entre o rio Buranhém e rio Doce. Comentários sobre a distribuição das espécies e a fauna compartilhada com ecorregiões adjacentes são fornecidos. Apresentamos também uma comparação da hipótese de relação aqui obtida com filogenias publicadas para alguns táxons relevantes ao presente estudo.

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes: deconstructing river basins as biogeographic units

“…Those are presently limited to PAE (Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity), CADE (Cladistic Analysis of Distributions and Endemism), BPA (Brooks Parsimony Analysis) and BPA 0 . Those four methods have been applied with some degree of success and their results have been shown to contain a reasonable degree of biogeographic coherence (Hubert, Renno, 2006;Ingenito, Buckup, 2007;Buckup, 2011;Lima, Ribeiro, 2011;Schaefer, 2011;Camelier, Zanata, 2014;Matamoros et al, 2015). The use of other methods such as 3-area analysis (Nelson, Ladiges, 1991), reconciled tree analysis (Page, 1994a,b), component analysis (Nelson, Platnick, 1981) and paralogy-free subtrees (Nelson, Ladiges, 1996) would be interesting in theory, but we found that software available for their implementation cannot be reliably applied to our database, which is probably one of the largest yet assembled for any biogeographic problem.…”

Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the Neotropical tribe Glandulocaudini (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae)

“…3). The sharing of fish species that have a relatively restricted distribution, such as L. weitzmani, between the uppermost tributaries of the São Francisco and Paraná rivers may be an evidence of historical relationships between these basins already proposed in previous studies (e.g., Ribeiro, 2006;Buckup, 2011;Camelier, Zanata, 2014). Unfortunately, tissue samples of the specimens from the rio São Francisco basin were not available for molecular analyses, thus the age of the split between these populations of L. weitzmani could not be estimated.…”

“…According to Menezes et al (2008) and Menezes, Weitzman (2009), the northernmost limit of distribution of Glandulocaudini is around the city of Prado, in the southern part of the Bahia State, at the type locality of M. sylvicola. However, this species also occurs in some small coastal drainages of the Recôncavo Sul basin (Burger et al, 2011) in addition to the Pardo, Paraguaçu, and Real river basins (Camelier, Zanata, 2014;present study, MZUSP 112657, 112679, 115092, UFBA 7004), located in the Bahia State, but to the north of the Prado region. The rio Real basin is the boundary between Bahia and Sergipe States and it becomes the northernmost limit of the distribution of both M. sylvicola and the tribe Glandulocaudini (Fig.…”

“…Furthermore, Glandulocaudini has an interesting distributional pattern, characterized by endemic species restricted to lowland areas along Brazilian coastal drainages and others endemic to upland areas of the Brazilian crystalline shield, in addition to species that are shared between both areas. This pattern was already used as example to explain or to propose biogeographic hypotheses (e.g., Buckup, 2011;Lima, Ribeiro, 2011;Camelier, Zanata, 2014;Ribeiro et al, 2016). Menezes et al (2008) reviewed the biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (former Glandulocaudinae), discussed some hypotheses, and suggested that additional molecular data should be used to test and better understand the evolutionary history of the group.…”

Description of a new species of Pareiorhaphis (Loricariidae: Neoplecostominae) from the rio Jequitinhonha basin, Minas Gerais, eastern Brazil

“…However, a common pattern related to the sexually dimorphic attributes associated with adult males is shared by all species of the genus and diagnoses Pareiorhaphis among all other neoplecostomines, namely the hypertrophied odontodes that cover most of the cheek, opercle, and exposed lateral process of the cleithrum (Pereira et al, 2007(Pereira et al, , 2010. The type locality of the new species is located in the rio Itacambiruçu, one of the main tributaries of the rio Jequitinhonha, a coastal drainage included in the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion (Abell et al, 2008), which harbors high levels of fish endemism (Camelier, Zanata, 2014). In addition, no other neoplecostomine have been reported in that basin since Oliveira, Oyakawa (1999) described Pareiorhaphis stephanus from the ribeirão das Pedras, a headwater tributary to the rio Jequitinhonha basin near Diamantina, 2 e170007 [2] Minas Gerais State.…”