The participation of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) in the perception of pain in patients with migraine: A psychological profile

Abstract

Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (YSQ-S3) is used to understand psychological aspects. Objective: EMSs were evaluated in patients with migraine. Methods: Sixty-five subjects were evaluated using the YSQ-S3 under standard conditions in a room with air conditioning at 22 ± 2°C. The subjects were stratified by morbidity (migraine), gender (male/female) and age (18-29 / 30-39 / 40-55). Controls (without migraine), n = 27 and patients (with migraine), n = 38, men (n = 19) and women (n = 46); participants aged 18-29 years, n = 34, aged 30-39 years, n = 14 and aged 40-55 years, n = 17. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with p-values <0.05. Results were expressed as percentages in contingency tables. Results: There was a significant association between migraine and female gender (84.21%; p-value <0.05, Table 1), between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (56.52%; p-value <0.0.014, Table 2) and female gender with migraine. Moreover, there was a significant association between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (73.68%; p-value <0.0001) and self-punishment (84.21%; p-value <0.0001) in patients with migraine of both genders (Table 3). Conclusion: The individuals with migraine had a psychological profile of being overly demanding with themselves and others and self-punishing, where this was more frequent in women.

Early Maladjustment Schemas in Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Bums and colleagues recognized the influence of cognitive dysfunctions on the treatment of chronic pain (34). Finally, Santos Ribas and colleagues reported a significant positive association between migraines and hypervigilance and inhibition, unrelenting standards, and self-punishment maladaptive schemas (36). In line with previous research supporting roles for psychological distress, cognitive dysfunction, and maladaptive schemas on development and treatment of diabetes and other psychosomatic diseases (6-12, 14, 20-23), the present findings verify the influence of some EMS's in patients with type 2 diabetes.…”

Esquemas iniciais desadaptativos em adultos brasileiros: revisão narrativa da literatura

“…A variedade das demandas estudadas, conforme apresentado na Tabela 1, demonstra que a terapia do esquema tem sido uma abordagem relevante para o entendimento clínico, o que condiz com a ideia de que o foco de estudo desta linha teórica tenha crescido em diferentes contextos, reforçando o que foi descrito nas revisões realizadas por Masley, Gillanders, Simpson & Taylor (2012) e Taylor et al (2016). Além disso, também é possível observar a multidisciplinaridade que a TE tem assumido e a possível relação dos EID's em condições fisiológicas, como as apresentadas nessa revisão pelo estudo de Ribas et al (2018) sobre enxaqueca, o artigo de Schmidt et al (2015) acerca da disfunção temporomandibular e a pesquisa de Camargos, Montagnero, Lopes e Lima (2020) com pacientes bariátricos.…”

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression, Distress and Discomfort Tolerance in Migraine Headache

“…Insufficient self-control, self-punitiveness and approval seeking schema scores were similarly higher in both depressed and non-depressed female migraine patients than control subjects in the present study. Ribas et al (2018), reported that unrelenting standarts and self-punitiveness schemas were higher in migraine patients compared to healthy subjects and were especially associated with female gender 36 . In this point of view, insufficient self-control, self-punitiveness and approval seeking schemas are considered to be probably associated with female gender in migraine regardless of the presence of depressive symptoms.…”