Peripheral Realism Revisited

Schenoni, Luis L.; Escudé, Carlos

doi:10.1590/0034-7329201600102

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…From this perspective, China and Russia remain as great powers with superior military, economic, and diplomatic capabilities. In Carlos Escudé's words, in the international system, China and Russia remain as “rule‐maker” powers, even when close to Venezuela (Schenoni & Escudé, , p. 7). The preferential treatment toward them is mediated by an interest in reducing dependency on and the influence of the United States, even though geography may mitigate the direct effects, since both are extra‐hemispheric powers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It considers contributions to International Relations from the Global South to understand the foreign‐policy strategies of weak states. This article references Carlos Escudé (1992, ; see also Schenoni & Escudé, ), who describes the international order as hierarchical rather than anarchic, thus avoiding the distortions inherent in the presumption of anarchy in the international system (Milner, ) . This contribution to peripheral realism puts into perspective the conditions the least‐developed states face in their relations with major powers.…”

Section: Theoretical Framework and Research Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This tolerance has been studied under the label of “Beijing consensus” (Halper, ; Ramo, ). The novelty was that Venezuela, located in the historically U.S. economic sphere of influence and international financial system, used its oil resources to challenge Washington in a clearly asymmetric struggle, with disastrous potential outcomes for the Venezuelan people (Schenoni & Escudé, , p. 10). To assume the role of “rebel state” (Schenoni & Escudé, , p. 7), Chavist Venezuela took a calculated risk in which protection from other great powers was a central factor, similar to the security strategy of Southeast Asian minor powers that link to the United States to balance China (Acharya, ).…”

Section: Chavism's Grand Strategy Toward the Great Powers: Congruencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The theoretical framework takes from neoclassical realism the notion of centralization of power for the mobilization of resources (Schweller, ; Taliaferro, ). From subaltern (Ayoob, ), and peripheral (Escudé, ; Schenoni & Escudé, ) realism, it considers the hierarchical orientation of the international system and the authoritarian tendency to mobilize resources for autonomy objectives. From the theory of the Latin American autonomy, it considers the duality between alignment and autonomy as possible logics within grand strategies (Russell & Tokatlian, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Mijares¹

2017

Latin American Policy

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This article analyzes Chavist Venezuela's foreign policy toward three major powers, the United States, China, and Russia. Based on neoclassical, peripheral, and subaltern‐realism theories, it considers the Latin American duality between alignment and autonomy as strategic alternatives, and uses congruence analysis to consider the coherence between Chavism's geopolitical objectives and concrete actions in its foreign policy with the three powers. Venezuela's foreign‐policy strategy consists of three overlapping triads. In Venezuela–U.S.–China relations, Caracas assumes the power‐transition theory, aligning economically with the Asian rising power and serving as a gateway to Latin America. In Venezuela–U.S.–Russia relations, Chavism is politically and militarily aligned with Putin's Russia, taking advantage of the Russian–U.S. geostrategic rivalry. The most‐interesting and novel finding is in Venezuela–China–Russia relations, where the Bolivarian Revolution exploits a favorable economic relationship with China but aligns to Russian geostrategy, conducting a “softer balancing” against China to hold on to the partnership and to autonomy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Framework and Research Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chavism's Grand Strategy Toward the Great Powers: Congruencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Mijares¹

2017

Latin American Policy

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“…Second, another recurrent theme in Latin America has been its place in the North-South divide and the discussion over the benefits that can be obtained from an alliance with industrialized/developed countries vis-à-vis the developing world (Puig 1980;Jaguaribe 1985;Escudé 1992;Hey 1997;Russell and Tokatlian 2003;Briceño Ruiz 2012;Schenoni and Escudé 2016). Those countries that emphasized North-South relations sought to engage politically and economically with the Western industrialized countries seeking to attract investment, increase foreign trade, and obtain varying degrees of political support and military aid.…”

Section: Measuring Foreign Policy Change In Latin America: Themes Damentioning

confidence: 99%

Foreign Policy Change in Latin America: Exploring a Middle-Range Concept

Merke¹,

Reynoso²,

Schenoni

2020

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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This article examines patterns of change and continuity in Latin American foreign policies. It asks two interrelated questions: How can we conceptually and empirically account for foreign policy change? And why do states change their foreign policies in Latin America? To answer these questions, we used the results of a new expert survey on foreign policy preferences in the region between 1980 and 2014. The results we obtained using both linear and nonparametric specifications are very clear and consistent: presidential ideology is what matters the most. Simply put, a change in the ideology of the president produces a change in foreign policy that is almost equivalent in magnitude, all other theoretically relevant factors set to their means. En este artículo, examinamos los patrones de cambio y continuidad en las políticas exteriores de América Latina. Lo hacemos planteando dos preguntas relacionadas: ¿Cómo podemos dar cuenta conceptual y empíricamente del cambio en la política exterior? ¿Por qué los estados en América Latina cambian su política exterior? Para contestar estas preguntas, utilizamos los resultados de una nueva encuesta a expertos sobre las preferencias de política exterior entre 1980 y 2014. Los resultados obtenidos utilizando especificaciones lineales y no-paramétricas son claros y consistentes: la ideología presidencial es lo que más importa. Puesto de manera simple, un cambio en la ideología del presidente produce un cambio en la política exterior que es casi equivalente en su magnitud, ajustando todos los demás factores teóricamente relevantes a sus promedios.

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Towards customised sovereignty: West Nordic societies in the new great power rivalry

Kobzeva

2022

Polar Record

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Two factors historically played a decisive role in the West Nordic region’s affairs: its strategic location and small societies’ long struggle for independence. The current power balance shift challenges the progress of Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland towards strengthening their independence and sovereignty. The research suggests a theoretical contemplation of the West Nordic region’s shifting practices of sovereignty in current affairs with Russia and China amid the US’ patronage. Drawing on the model of Patron-Client relations, the article considers the US as a patron state for the West Nordic region, whereas Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland are discussed as clients. The Kingdom of Denmark is regarded as a junior patron due to its intermediate position in relations with the US on the one hand and the Faroe Islands and Greenland on the other. Russia and China are addressed as patron adversaries. The research enquires as to whether any of the two US opponents advertise themselves as alternative patrons for the West Nordic region and what explains the weak or alarmist US reactions to Russia and China initiatives in the region. Special focus is on the comparison of the three great powers’ behaviour in the region. Major findings raise the discussion of customisation of sovereignty and its consequences for future relations in the West Nordic and globally.

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Peripheral Realism Revisited

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Foreign Policy Change in Latin America: Exploring a Middle-Range Concept

Towards customised sovereignty: West Nordic societies in the new great power rivalry

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