Relevance. Within the framework of the state assignment in the, Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology together with the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in the Republic of Tatarstan, the analysis of the tensions of collective immunity to measles in at-risk groups among medical workers, students of medical colleges in Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Buinsk and Muslyumovsky districts for the period 2015‒2017.Materials and methods. Immunoenzyme method of analysis studied the intensity of immunity against measles in 1107 serum samples of medical workers from 19 medical and preventive institutions in cities and some regions of the Republic of Tatarstan, and students of medical schools and colleges.Results. It was established that out of 480 medical personnel, 363 (75,63 ± 2,253%) were seropositive to the measles virus, and 117 (24.38 ± 3.969%) were seronegative. Coverage by vaccination and revaccination against measles among the sample group of medical workers did not reach the level of 93% (84.38 ± 1.657%), which does not prevent the outbreak of measles among this group. According to the results of a sample survey of antibodies to measles virus among students of medical schools and colleges of the Republic of Tatarstan (data for 2016 and 2017), it was found that the proportion of seronegative measles virus among students in large cities of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2016 was 52.35 ± 2,99%, and in 2017, 42.32 ± 2.958% of the people. The proportion of students who were seronegative for measles virus for two years of the study (2016–2017) averaged 45.07 ± 2.979%.Discussion and conclusions. The results indicate the need to continue conducting studies on seromonitoring of collective immunity to measles in medical workers, students in secondary and higher medical schools.
The review presents a modern strategy to improve the means of vaccine prevention of streptococcal infections aimed at finding and developing new vaccines for immunization of people belonging to risk groups. It should be noted that pneumococci (S. pneumoniae) are members of gram-positive bacteria (diplococci) and become the main cause of various nosological forms of human infectious diseases (such as pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteremia and meningitis). Existing pneumococcal vaccines (conjugate and polysaccharide) have some important limitations, for example, serotype dependence, loss of effectiveness due to a change in the serotype landscape, insufficient protective effect from non-invasive forms of pneumococcal infections and high production costs associated with the development of these products. The main part of the review presents the most important research papers that used modern proteomic technologies in the study of the S. pneumoniae proteomic profile. These works allow us to evaluate at the molecular level the importance of bacterial proteins as candidates for creating new combination vaccines that can effectively protect against the full range of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the human population. So, in particular, the data are provided on the new methodology for the analysis of the proteome of extracellular S. pneumoniae bacterial microvesicles to identify immunoreactive protein antigens, potential candidates for inclusion into vaccines. As a result of these studies, 15 immunoreactive proteins were discovered, 7 of which are cytosolic and 8 proteins are bound to the cell surface (MalX, ABC transporter or substrate binding transport protein, AmiA, AliA, LytC, IgA1 protease, PspA and the putative precursor of β-galactosidase). These are possible candidates for developing combination vaccines. Additionally, the review presents data on the role of significant virulence factors of the protein nature of S. pneumoniae strains in nasopharyngeal colonization, increased infectivity, as well as on overcoming reactions of the host's immune response.
This article was prepared for the 120th anniversary of the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. The paper describes the main stages of the institutes development since its founding as the Kazan Bacteriological Institute at Kazan University in 1900. Until 2005, the institute belonged to the system of the Ministry of Health, and later, among 28 Federal State Institutions of Science, it entered the Rospotrebnadzor system. The information on priority research and the contribution of the institute to the achievements of domestic health care and the federal service for supervision in the field of consumer protection over the 120-year history of its activity are presented. The data on ongoing research and development, development prospects also are presented. The article was prepared using documents from the archives of Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Kazan Medical University and Kazan Federal University, the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the memoirs of employees of the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.
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