A whole group of polymorphisms of genes involved in the formation of the epidermal barrier, immune responses, and their regulation is important in the formation of atopic phenotype. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship of polymorphisms of genes of Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 with clinical and immunological parameters in atopic dermatitis patients in a “case-control” study. Polymorphisms of genes TLR2 (p.Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly) were detected by PCR. Parameters of the state of innate and adaptive immunity were assessed by the level of local production of sIgA, cytokine profile of blood serum for IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Biological samples from 50 people with allergic pathology, aged 4.5 to 35 years, and 100 healthy individuals (controls) were analyzed. Observed dysregulation of cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10) in patients with heterozygous polymorphic genotypes probably reflects an imbalance of Th1/Th2/Th17 regulation of immune system response in these individuals.
Objective of the review is to characterize the nature of epidemiological situation on HFRS around the world and to conduct a comparative analysis of intensity and dynamics of the epidemiological process in the Russian Federation by Federal Districts, as well as make forecast for 2020. The analysis of the epidemiological situation is based on the materials of the official websites of healthcare organizations in the USA and Europe, WHO, the data from operational monitoring carried out by the reference center for HFRS monitoring “Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology”, materials provided by the Rospotrebnadzor Institutions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The analysis included all administrative territories of the Russian Federation. Statistical processing was carried out by standard methods of variation statistics applying Excel software. The epidemiological situation on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome around the world and in Russia remains tense. In the Russian Federation, epidemically active foci are located in the European part of the country, in Western Siberia and in the Far East. Infections over the period of 2010–2019 were registered in 8 federal districts of the Russian Federation, in 58 constituent entities. However, the incidence distribution across the territory of the country was differential. In 97 % of the cases, the incidence was recorded in the European part of Russia. In the Volga Federal District, HFRS incidence amounted to 82.16 % of the total incidence recorded on the whole in Russia. High incidence rates are also recorded in the Central Federal District (CFD). Over the past 10 years (2010–2019), there has been an increase in the incidence of HFRS in the Central and North-West Federal Districts, and a decrease in the incidence in the Ural and Far Eastern Federal Districts. Varying degree of anthropogenic impact on the natural HFRS foci and climate change manifested in increased ambient air temperatures are of great importance for the spread of HFRS over the past decade. At the end of the review the forecast of the development of the epidemiological situation on HFRS in the Russian Federation for 2020 is presented.
Изучена серопревалентность и особенности гуморального иммунного ответа на вирус SARS-CoV-2 у 61 медицинского работника (МР) многопрофильного стационара г Казани, который был перепрофилирован для оказания медицинской помощи больным коронавирусной инфекцией. Показана выраженная серопревалентность к SARS-CoV-2 - 45,9%. Среди серопозитивных МР к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 доля бессимптомных форм составила 18,5%, легких форм - 53,6%, среднетяжелых форм и тяжелых форм 25%. Выявлено две формы формирования гуморального иммунного ответа среди серопозитивных МР: первая характеризуется постепенной элиминацией специфических IgG антител к SARS- CoV -2 после 8 недели от появления первых симптомов ОРВИ, второй вариант - нарастанием специфических IgG к SARS- CoV -2 и более высоким значением уровня КП IgM SARS- CoV -2 после 8-10 недели от появления первых симптомов. Группа серопозитивных МР, «повышающих антитела», превалировала над группой лиц, «элиминирующих антитела». Группа серопозитивных МР, «повышающих антитела», характеризовалась более высокой выработкой протективных антител к возбудителям вакциноуправляемых инфекций кори и краснухи по сравнению с группой лиц, «элиминирующих антитела». Изучение уровня гуморального иммунитета к COVID-19 у МР имеет важное значение с точки зрения планирования как противоэпидемических мероприятий, так и прогнозирования эффективности ответа на вакцинацию к SARS-CoV-2.
In recovered COVID-19 patients, the state of mucosal immunity remains understudied. Cytological, functional, and metabolic characteristics of neutrophils and the interleukin status will help to correctly assess the need for immunorehabilitation measures. The study objective is to assess the state of mucosal immunity after COVID-19. A comprehensive study of mucosal immunity included the assessment of nasal mucosal neutrophils with the monitoring of destructive and apoptotic changes as well as examination of the functional and metabolic activity of neutrophils entering the nasal secretions. Phagocytic activity was assessed using microbial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as intracellular oxygen-dependent biocidity, the functions of capturing, absorbing, and killing pathogens. Study of the secretory component included assessment of interleukin levels (TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ) and the content of sCD95 (sAPO-1/FAS), membrane marker of apoptosis, in the nasal secretions. Cell wall neutrophils in recovered COVID-19 patients show enhanced destructive and apoptotic processes within the cells. Functional disorders due to inhibited phagocytosis of autoflora are recorded. Functionally defective cells are brought into the nasal secretions; they demonstrate severely inhibited oxygen-dependent biocidity, rapid depletion of reserves, incomplete phagocytosis, and limited ability to capture pathogens, which can contribute to the growth of various pathogenic viruses and bacteria. In the nasal secretions, the concentration of sCD95 (sAPO-1/FAS), the membrane marker of apoptosis, is increased. Elevated level of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10) downregulates IFN-γ, thus directly contributing to the formation of functionally defective neutrophils. Compensatory increase in the IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine under the influence of SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins downregulates IFN-γ and is a cofactor of depression of intracellular biocidity of neutrophils. An increased level of the TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokine increases apoptotic and destructive changes in neutrophils entering the nasal secretion. Virus-induced, functional, and metabolic impairment of neutrophils of the mucosal immunity system develop in recovered COVID-19 patients, thus providing a scientific rationale for immunomodulatory therapy.
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