The review presents the analysis of the data on the spread of COVID-19 around the world and in Russia available as of June 15, 2020. Dynamics and geographical dissemination of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation is considered. The structure of incidence by gender and age is presented. Assessment of the key epidemiological parameters (morbidity rates and lethality) is provided. The effectiveness of the response measures conducted to control COVID-19 is discussed.
The first attempts to create devices that allow interacting with the imitated reality, as well as augmenting reality with superimposed information, were made at the beginning of the 20th century, the very concept of mixed reality (the “reality-virtuality continuum”), which elements are virtual (VR) and augmented (AR) reality, is quite young (24 years), as well as the market of these technologies. The concept of virtual and augmented reality hasn’t changed radically in the past 30 years, but VR and AR devices and software, and content have gone through a significant evolutionary path, and have already experienced several growth spikes.VR and AR technologies can be applied not only in entertainment and games. Many experts believe that virtual and augmented reality, along with Big Data, cloud technologies, artificial intelligence and some others, will become the key technologies of the 4th industrial revolution. VR and AR also have the potential to become the next big computing platform. Today VR and AR technologies help not only to create conceptually new markets, but also to disrupt existing ones.This article discusses the evolution of the VR and AR concepts and technologies and current market trends. The results of the survey show the key obstacles for the mass distribution of AR and VR technologies: high implementation and operational costs of AR/VR solutions; lack of high-quality content and imperfect devices, implicit effectiveness of their use.Based on the empirical study, a rather extensive list of benefits from using virtual and augmented reality technologies has been drawn up: faster and cheaper learning, training and guiding processes, increase in their efficiency, the reduction of the costs of elements and supplies needed, training support personnel; reducing potential risks to life and health of employees and other people while special training (medical operations and invasive procedures, evacuation, security, rescue in various emergencies) and the related optimization of the compensations; reducing the number of errors and accelerating the processes of assembling, repairing and operating special equipment, searching for information, necessary details, product location in the warehouse; significant reduction of accidents rate, as well as the exploration costs, due to the early identification of malfunctions; accelerating the pace of the designing and prototyping objects, significantly reducing the cost and duration of physical modeling process; improving customer experience, product and trading platforms design, that leads to corresponding increase in volume of sales; improving (simplifying) of communication and increasing its effectiveness.
оценка Современной эПидемиологичеСкой обСтановки в Природных очагах чумы мира. Повышение эффективноСти эПидемиологичеСкого надЗора в Природных очагах чумы роССийСкой федерации и ПрогноЗ их эПиЗоотичеСкой активноСти на 2019 г. 1 ФКУЗ «Российский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт «Микроб», Саратов, Российская Федерация; 2 Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, Москва, Российская Федерация; 3 ФКУЗ «Противочумный центр», Москва, Российская Федерация; 4 ФКУЗ «Иркутский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Сибири и Дальнего Востока», Иркутск, Российская Федерация; 5 Казахский научный центр карантинных и зоонозных инфекций (КНЦКЗИ) им. М. Айкимбаева, Алматы, Республика Казахстанвыполнена оценка эпидемической активности природных очагов чумы мира, в том числе стран снг и российской Федерации, в 2000-2018 гг. установлено, что в 2010-2018 гг. эпидемические проявления имели место в природных очагах чумы, в которых основными носителями являются синантропные (черная, многососковая крысы) и промысловые (сурки, суслики, луговые собачки) виды грызунов. отмечено сохранение низкой эпизоотической активности равнинных природных очагов чумы на территории российской Федерации. в 2018 г. эпизоотии чумы выявлены на территории горно-алтайского высокогорного и тувинского горного природных очагов на общей площади 2641 км 2 . выделено 13 штаммов основного подвида и 6 штаммов алтайского подвида чумного микроба. показана перспективность использования гис-технологий для совершенствования эпидемиологического надзора за чумой в российской Федерации. обоснован эпизоотологический прогноз на сохранение в 2019 г. напряженной эпидемиологической обстановки в кош-агачском районе республики алтай и в монгунтайгинском, овюрском и тес-хемском кожуунах республики тыва. отмечена высокая вероятность сохранения сложной эпизоотической и эпидемиологической обстановки в южной и центральной частях пустынной зоны республики казахстан, в высокогорных районах республики кыргызстан. также отмечено сохранение эпидемических рисков для территорий стран африки (республика мадагаскар), Южной (перу, боливия) и северной (сШа) америки, китая, монголии.Ключевые слова: природные очаги чумы, эпизоотическая активность, эпизоотологический прогноз, штаммы чумного микроба, носители и переносчики чумы, эпидемиологическая активность, базы данных, гистехнологии.
Objective of the investigation was to assess epidemiological and epizootiological conditions in natural plague foci of the Russian Federation, neighboring states and foreign countries in 2019. Negative effect of the current climate warming on the state of parasitic systems of natural foci with circulation of plague microbe of the main subspecies, medieval biovar, phylogenetic branch 2.MED1 is emphasized. In 2019, local plague epizooties were registered in the territory of two (Gorno-Altai high-mountain and Tuva mountain) out of 11 natural plague foci of the Russian Federation. The total area of epizooty covered 2248.5 km2 . All in all, 31 cultures of Y. pestis of the main subspecies, antique biovar, phylogenetic branch 4.ANT and 5 cultures of Altai biovar, central-asian subspecies, phylogenetic branch 0.PE4a were isolated. The forecast for continuing tense epidemiological situation, both for 2020 and for 2021–2025, has been substantiated for natural foci with circulation of the main subspecies of antique biovar, phyologenetic branch 4.ANT: Gorno-Altai high-mountain and Tuva mountain ones. In the remaining nine natural foci in the territory of the Russian Federation epizootic manifestations of plague in 2020 are highly improbable. This prognosis is an indication to optimize the deployment of human and logistical resources of plague control institutions through concentrated preventive activities in the territories of epizootically active natural plague foci. Otlined is the necessity to put a new enhanced classification of Y. pestis into practice.
The aim of the work was to substantiate the forecast of the epidemiological and epizootiological situation in natural foci of plague in the Russian Federation, countries of the near and far abroad for the year of 2021. Characteristics of the distribution of Yersinia pestis strains of the main subspecies (subspecies pestis) of medieval and antique biovars, Caucasian (ssp. caucasica) and central Asian (ssp. central asiatica) subspecies by 45 natural foci of the CIS countries are presented in the paper. The persistence of a multidirectional trend in the dynamics of epizootic activity of natural foci of the CIS countries with the circulation of Y. pestis pestis strains of the medieval biovar of the 2.MED1 phylogenetic branch and the antique biovar of the 0.ANT5, 4.ANT phylogenetic branches in the current decade has been outlined. For the Russian Federation, the development of epizootics is predicted in the Gorno-Altai highland and Tuva mountain natural foci caused by the circulation of Y. pestis pestis strains of the antique biovar 4.ANT and Y. pestis of the Altai biovar of the Central Asian subspecies 0.PE4a in 2021. For the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a high probability of preserving epizootic activity in the North Aral, Aral-Karakum, Balkhash, Mojynkum, Taukum desert and Ili intermountain natural foci with the circulation of Y. pestis pestis strains of the medieval biovar of the phylogenetic branch 2.MED1. For the Kyrgyz Republic, the forecast for the development of plague epizootics caused by Y. pestis pestis strains of the antique biovar 0.ANT5 phylogenetic branch in the Sarydzhaz and Upper Naryn high-mountain natural foci has been substantiated. A high epidemic risk of epizootic manifestations caused by highly virulent strains of Y. pestis pestis of antique biovars 0.ANT5, 4.ANT and medieval biovar 2.MED1 for the entire territory of the CIS countries is noted. The relevance of implementing forecasts of the epidemiological situation into practice, taking into account the molecular-genetic and epidemiological characteristics of Y. pestis strains circulating in areas of expected epizootic manifestations of plague, is highlighted.
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