Целью работы было сравнение показателей интенсивности эпидемии гриппа, вызванной штаммами вирусов гриппа А(H3N2) и В, в сезон 2014-2015 гг. с предшествующей эпидемией 2013-2014 гг. Особое внимание уделено летальным исходам от гриппа. Использована база данных НИИ гриппа по еженедельной заболеваемости, госпитализации, летальным исходам от гриппа и ОРЗ в различных возрастных группах населения 59-ти наблюдаемых городов, расположенных в семи Федеральных округах Российской Федерации. По сравнению с эпидемией 2014 г. эпидемия гриппа в 2014-2015 гг. началась раньше (в декабре) и распространялась, в основном, с запада на восток-из Европы по территории России в восточном направлении. Показатели интенсивности эпидемии 2015 г., в сравнении с предыдущей, были выше в отношении распространенности по округам, городам и вовлеченности возрастных групп населения (кроме детей до 2-х лет). Показатели заболеваемости на пике эпидемии, средней продолжительности эпидемии, уровней заболеваемости населения в городах (особенно среди детей 7-14 лет и взрослого населения) были выше, чем в предыдущем сезоне. Участились и случаи госпитализации с гриппом и OPВИ среди лиц старше 65 лет (в 1.4 раза), среди госпитализированных повысилась доля больных с диагнозом «грипп» (в 2.7 раза) и число летальных исходов от лабораторно подтвержденного гриппа (в 1.8 раза). Штамм пандемического вируса гриппа, A(H1N1)pdm09, хотя и не был основным возбудителем эпидемии 2015 г., попрежнему стал основной причиной летальных исходов от гриппа (в 45.5% всех случаев); причем случаи смерти, ассоциированные с этим штаммом, регистрировали только на европейской территории России при спорадическом уровне его распространения.
Влияние гриппа различной этиологии на другие ОРВИ у детей и взрослых в 2014-2016 годах Резюме Для оценки связи между заболеваемостью гриппом и РС-, корона-, метапневмо-, адено-рино-, бока-вирусными инфекциями и парагриппом проведен корреляционный анализ случаев гриппа и каждой из вышеперечисленных инфекций в возрастных группах населения 24 городов РФ. Возрастная структура заболевших имела значительные отличия. Среди взрослого населения чаще выявляли грипп, больше А(H1N1)pdm09 (61,4%), ОРВИ не гриппозной этиологии-среди детей 0-2 лет, особенно бокавирусную и РС-вирусную (72,5-62,8%) инфекции. Доля взрослых была больше, чем детей 3-6 лет, при корона-, рино-и парагриппозной инфекциях. Подтверждена выраженная зимне-весенняя сезонность гриппа. РС-, корона-и метапневмо-вирусные инфекции имели сдвиг на весенний период, а аденовирусная, парагрипп, бока-и рино-вирусные инфекции-на осенний. Показана прямая положительная корреляционная связь заболеваемости гриппом населения в целом с РС-, корона-, метапневмо-, адено-вирусными инфекциями и парагриппом, но не было значимой корреляции с рино-и бокавирусными инфекциями. Корреляционные связи у взрослого населения с гриппом были больше (сильная-при РС-инфекции) и выявлялись раньше, чем у детей. Продолжительность корреляционной связи с гриппом зависела от этиологии ОРВИ, этиологии гриппа и от возраста.
Ключевые слова: заболеваемость гриппом и ОРВИ, РС-вирусная инфекция, города и Федеральные округа The Spread of RS-virus Infection and other ARVI not Influenza Etiology in Children and Adults in the Regions Relevance. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children in whom this virus is the cause of the primary infection. Goal. The aim of the study is to study the spread of diseases with MS infection in federal districts of Russia Materials and methods. The Federal Influenza Center collects and automates the processing of weekly information from 24 cities on the number of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in the total and diagnosed cases (according to polymerase chain reaction) of influenza, RS virus and other acute respiratory viral infections in children (0-2, 6, 7-14 years) and adults (15 years and older).Results. The average annual incidence of influenza and ARVI, RS virus and Rhino-viral infections, Paragripp and Adenovirus, Boca, Meta and coronas-viral
The goal is to identify features of epidemic process of influenza depending on the etiology of epidemics to clarification of the forecast for future epidemics. Analysis of epidemics of influenza in Russia conducted according to the Federal center for influenza on morbidity, hospitalization and deaths from influenza in 59 Russian cities. The epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 2015–16 different from the mixed epidemics of influenza (A(H3N2) and B) 2014–15 and 2016–17 high development rate, high incidence of influenza and ARI at its peak, the incidence of hospitalization with a diagnosis of «influenza» (14%) and high mortality among the infected (6,0 on 100000). The epidemic of influenza A(H3N2) and B started earlier (December). They had a longer duration and the incidence in the cities and in the country, but less than the incidence at the peak of the epidemic and the incidence of hospitalization with a diagnosis of «influenza» (7.5 and 7.3%) and smaller (8.6 and 20 times) the mortality from the influenza. In these epidemics among the dead was higher than the percentage of children under 14 years and persons over 65 years of age than in the influenza epidemic 2015–16. And among the deaths increased the proportion of persons with chronic lung disease and immunodeficiency, but decreased the proportion of individuals with obesity and diseases of the liver and kidneys. For the period from 2009 to 2017 the tendency to increase the intensity of influenza A(H3N2) epidemics was 2.4 times greater than the decrease in the intensity of epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
Goal of the work - comparison of the epidemic process in the epidemic of 2016 and during the 2009 pandemic in the cities of Russia. Comparative data of the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, hospitalization and mortality in different age groups of children (0 - 2, 3 - 6 and 7 -14 years) and adults (15 - 64 and 65 years of age) from 59 cities collaborating with 2 National Centers for influenza to the WHO in Russia, for the period from the 2009 pandemic and epidemic 2016. For the epidemic of 2016, as the 2009 pandemic was characterized by mono etiology (influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09, the simultaneous occurrence of the peak of the epidemic in all age groups, the same percentage admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of "influenza"; involvement of the adult population and school children in the cities. The epidemic of 2016 was different: less involvement of children up to 6 years, higher development rate, the spread on the territory of Russia - from the West to the East, shorter duration of the epidemic in the country (12 and 17 weeks) and in the cities by population average (4.6 and 6.8 weeks), less morbidity for the period of the epidemic in cities (5.4 and 8.5%) and the country (9.6 and 14.4%), greater frequency of hospitalization but lower mortality from influenza in an average of 1.7 times.
To identify the peculiarities of manifestation of epidemic process of influenza in 2016, and causes high morbidity and mortality in St. Petersburg, a comparative analysis of the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, hospitalization and mortality in children and adults during the epidemic of 2016 in St. Petersburg and other 58 the observed cities of the Russian Federation. The epidemic of 2016 in St. Petersburg from other cities were characterized by a greater intensity: the duration of the epidemic; the incidence of the population on the peak (at 1.9 and 1.3%), within the boundaries of the epidemic in the city (7.7 and 5.4%) and the country (11.9 and 9,6%); shares admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of «influenza» among the whole population (17.1 and 14,0%); greater mortality from influenza among the whole population (3.3 tims), persons 15 - 64 (in 3 times) and 65 years and older (2.8 times). The low level of population immunity in Saint-Petersburg in the before the epidemic period and lower frequency of hospitalization of patients with influenza and ARVI among the population as a whole (2.4% and 3.6 percent), particularly children and persons over 65 years of age (2 times), could be the cause of high morbidity and mortality from influenza in St. Petersburg.
Relevance. COVID-19 remains a serious problem for all countries of the world, affecting all areas of public life. The brunt of the problem falls on health care. The new coronavirus infection has raised many questions, in particular regarding its epidemiologyAim. Determine the sequence of the global spread of COVID-19 at the beginning of the 2020 pandemic and the possible influence of seasonality on its distribution.Materials and methods. Data on the countries of the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the sites «Our World in Data» from the section «Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases». Стопкоронавирус.рф, Johns Hopkins University were used. The analysis of the spread of COVID-19 in the world was carried out based on data on the incidence and deaths from COVID-19 by climatogeographic zones.Results and discussion. The sequence of the spatio-temporal spread of COVID-19 across countries and continents at the beginning of the pandemic in 2020 has been determined. The similarity of the global spread of COVID-19 and "seasonal" influenza A(H3N2) epidemics indicates the spread of these infections along the primary migration routes of the population. The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic virus, as well as influenza A(H1N1), was sufficient for 1–1.5 months. The COVID-19 pandemic began in the Northern Hemisphere in the spring and summer, but atypical seasonality was often observed at the beginning of influenza pandemics. On the other hand, data on the influence of seasonality on the spread of COVID-19 were obtained: the highest incidence in the Northern Hemisphere countries was in the winter, and in the Southern Hemisphere countries, with reverse seasonality, a high incidence was observed already in the summer months. Therefore, it will be possible to make a final conclusion about the seasonality of this infection in the following years.
Relevance. Influenza is characterized by global distribution and the difference in its seasonality in countries with temperate and tropical climates. The importance of studying antigenic variation of influenza viruses due to the fact that changes in the antigenic structure is an evolutionary mechanism of adaptation of the virus to ensure its survival and cause annual epidemics.Aims. The Aim of this study was to identify the peculiarities of the geographical spread of influenza (seasonal), etiology and the rate of antigenic variability of influenza viruses A and B.Materials and methods. Based on data from WHO Reference research centers, information was collected on circulating influenza virus strains from 1975 A(H3N2), 1977 A(H1N1)pdm09 and type B of the Yamagata and Victoria lines from 1987 to 2019, as well as data on the number of all identified influenza viruses and individual strains circulating in the Northern and Southern hemispheres from 2008 to 2018.Results and discussion. Analysis of the global spread of influenza, its etiology and antigenic variability of viruses, according to WHO, showed that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was the main causative agent of epidemics and regional outbreaks in seasons of high influenza activity in all countries except the United States and Canada, where influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses dominated in countries with severe seasonality, the change of season led to a change in the etiology of influenza, and in tropical countries, the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus more often remained dominant in all seasons of the year.Conclusions. The pronounced seasonality of influenza in Northern countries and its absence in tropical countries, where regional outbreaks prevailed in all seasons of the year, were confirmed. Low antigenic variability of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains was confirmed, and the highest – A(H3N2). Among influenza B strains in the Victoria line had less antigenic variability, because the duration of its circulation before the appearance of a new drift variant was longer than that of the Yamagata line. The tendency to increase the total duration of circulation of influenza viruses B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Yamagata due to increased circulation before the emergence of new drift variants is shown.
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