(1) Background: The purpose of this review is to analyze domestic and foreign studies on the role of collagen-encoding genes polymorphism in the development of intervertebral discs (IVDs) degeneration in humans. (2) Methods: We have carried out a search for full-text articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The search depth was 5 years (2016–2021). In addition, this review includes articles of historical interest. Despite an extensive search, it is possible that we might have missed some studies published in recent years. (3) Results: According to the data of genome-wide and associative genetic studies, the following candidate genes that play a role in the biology of IVDs and the genetic basis of the processes of collagen degeneration of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of IVDs in humans are of the greatest interest to researchers: COL1A1, COL2A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COL11A1 and COL11A2. In addition, the role of genes COL1A2, COL9A1 and others is being actively studied. (4) Conclusions: In our review, we summarized and systematized the available information on the role of genetic factors in IVD collagen fibers turnover and also focused on the functions of different types of collagen present in the IVD. Understanding the etiology of impaired collagen formation can allow doctors to prescribe pathogenetically-based treatment, achieving the most effective results.

(1) Introduction: Extrapyramidal disorders form the so-called extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS), which is characterized by the occurrence of motor disorders as a result of damage to the basal ganglia and the subcortical-thalamic connections. Often, this syndrome develops while taking medications, in particular antipsychotics (APs). (2) Purpose: To review studies of candidate genes encoding dopamine receptors as genetic predictors of development of AP-induced parkinsonism (AIP) and AP-induced tardive dyskinesia (AITD) in patients with schizophrenia. (3) Materials and Methods: A search was carried out for publications of PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and e-Library databases by keywords and their combinations over the last 10 years. In addition, the review includes earlier publications of historical interest. Despite extensive searches of these commonly used databases and search terms, it cannot be ruled out that some publications were possibly missed. (4) Results: The review considers candidate genes encoding dopamine receptors involved in pharmacodynamics, including genes DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4. We analyzed 18 genome-wide studies examining 37 genetic variations, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs)/polymorphisms of four candidate genes involved in the development of AIP and AITD in patients with schizophrenia. Among such a set of obtained results, only 14 positive associations were revealed: rs1799732 (141CIns/Del), rs1800497 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T) DRD2; rs167771 (G/A) DRD3 with AIP and rs4532 (A/G) DRD1, rs6277 (C/T), rs6275 (C/T), rs1800497 (C/T), rs1079597 (A/G), rs1799732 (141CIns/Del), rs1045280 (C/G) DRD2, rs6280 (C/T), rs905568 (C/G) DRD3 with AITD. However, at present, it should be recognized that there is no final or unique decision on the leading role of any particular SNVs/polymorphisms in the development of AIP and AITD. (5) Conclusion: Disclosure of genetic predictors of the development of AIP and AITD, as the most common neurological adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders, may provide a key to the development of a strategy for personalized prevention and treatment of the considered complication of AP therapy for schizophrenia in real clinical practice.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease with the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the brain stem. The etiology and pathogenesis of ALS are being actively studied, but there is still no single concept. The study of ALS risk factors can help to understand the mechanism of this disease development and, possibly, slow down the rate of its progression in patients and also reduce the risk of its development in people with a predisposition toward familial ALS. The interest of researchers and clinicians in the protective role of nutrients in the development of ALS has been increasing in recent years. However, the role of some of them is not well-understood or disputed. The objective of this review is to analyze studies on the role of nutrients as environmental factors affecting the risk of developing ALS and the rate of motor neuron degeneration progression. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Springer, Clinical keys, Google Scholar, and E-Library databases for publications using keywords and their combinations. We analyzed all the available studies published in 2010–2020. Discussion: We analyzed 39 studies, including randomized clinical trials, clinical cases, and meta-analyses, involving ALS patients and studies on animal models of ALS. This review demonstrated that the following vitamins are the most significant protectors of ALS development: vitamin B12, vitamin E > vitamin C > vitamin B1, vitamin B9 > vitamin D > vitamin B2, vitamin B6 > vitamin A, and vitamin B7. In addition, this review indicates that the role of foods with a high content of cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, urates, and purines plays a big part in ALS development. Conclusion: The inclusion of vitamins and a ketogenic diet in disease-modifying ALS therapy can reduce the progression rate of motor neuron degeneration and slow the rate of disease progression, but the approach to nutrient selection must be personalized. The roles of vitamins C, D, and B7 as ALS protectors need further study.

Chronic pain syndromes are an important medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Back pain, neuropathic pain, and posttraumatic pain are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults. Standard approaches to the treatment of them do not solve the problem of pain chronicity. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. The nitric oxide (NO) system can play one of the key roles in the development of peripheral pain and its chronicity. The purpose of the study is to review publications devoted to changes in the NO system in patients with peripheral chronical pain syndromes. We have carried out a search for the articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The role of NO and NO synthases (NOS) isoforms in peripheral pain development and chronicity was demonstrated primarily from animal models to humans. The most studied is the neuronal NOS (nNOS). The role of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is still under investigation. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS may be associated with acute and chronic peripheral pain. Prospects for the use of NOS inhibitors to modulate the effect of drugs used to treat peripheral pain syndrome are discussed. Associative genetic studies of SNVs NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes are important for understanding genetic predictors of peripheral pain chronicity and development of new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.

Параинфекционный лимбический энцефалит (ПИЛЭ), ассоциированный с вирусами семейства Herpes viridae,-одна из форм хронического герпетического энцефалита, характеризующаяся нарушением функционирования лимбической области мозга, а также затяжным течением с частыми обострениями. Выделяют два типа течения этого заболевания: латентный аутоиммунный лимбический энцефалит (ЛЭ) с исходом в мезиальный темпоральный склероз и псевдотуморозный гранулематозный ЛЭ. Псевдотуморозный гранулематозный ЛЭ (воспалительный псевдотумор, или гранулемар) характеризуется формированием полиморфного воспалительного инфильтрата с элементами фиброза, некроза, гранулематозной реакции и миофибробластными клетками. Это медленнорастущая доброкачественная псевдоопухоль, в которой плазматических клеток значительно больше, нежели воспалительных клеток. Диагностика псевдотуморозного ЛЭ сложна и требует участия невролога, иммунолога, онколога и нейрохирурга. Перфузионная компьютерная томография, магнитно-резонансная томография и магнитно-резонансная спектроскопия доказывают полноценность термина «воспалительный псевдотумор» в связи с гистологической трудностью характеристики поражения как опухоли или воспаления. При поздней диагностике в условиях хронического течения в центральной нервной системе прогноз заболевания может быть неблагоприятным и осложняться развитием резистентной симптоматической фокальной эпилепсии, эмоциональноволевыми и когнитивными расстройствами. Дифференциальная диагностика проводится с опухолями головного мозга (астроцитарные, олигодендроглиальные, смешанные глиомы, эпендимальные, нейрональные, нейронально-глиальные, эмбриональные опухоли, менингиомы, холестеатомы, дермоидные кисты, тератомы, кисты), с другими реактивными и воспалительными процессами (лейкозные инфильтраты, системная красная волчанка, рассеянный склероз, энцефаломиелит), гипопаратиреоидизмом, болезнью Аддисона, интоксикациями витамином А, длительным приемом глюкокортикоидов и контрацептивных средств. Авторами представлен клинический случай псевдотуморозного течения хронического ПИЛЭ у 28-летней женщины. Обсуждены сложности дифференциальной диагностики, особенности клинического течения и лечения заболевания. Воспалительный псевдотумор является показанием к оперативному лечению, но осознание того, что это ложная опухоль, может в некоторых случаях предотвратить ненужную радикальную операцию, что демонстрирует представленное клиническое наблюдение.

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Динамика изменений вибрационной чувствительности по данным компьютерной паллестезиометрии при приобретенных и генетически...

Anticonvulsant-induced osteoporosis (AIO) and associated pain syndromes and patient disabilities are an important interdisciplinary medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms. AIO are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults with epilepsy. Standard approaches to their prevention and treatment do not always solve the problem of the progression of the pathological process and chronicity of AIO. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of AIO. Vitamin D metabolism, expression and specificity of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) may play a key role in the development of AIO and chronic back pain in patients with epilepsy. The aim of the study was to review publications on changes in the vitamin D system in patients with AIO. We searched for articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The search was carried out by key-words and their combinations. The role of vitamin D and VDR in the development of AIO and the chronicity of back pain has been demonstrated mainly in animal models and humans. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the VDR gene encoding VDR may be associated with the development of osteoporosis of the spine (including those associated with the intake of an anticonvulsants). The prospects for the use of vitamin D preparations for modulating the effect of anticonvulsants used to treat epilepsy are discussed. Genetic association studies of VDR gene SNVs are important for understanding the genetic predictors of AIO and chronic back pain in patients with epilepsy, as well as for developing new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.