The results of an experimental study conducted on white male rats and females of reproductive age were analyzed in order to detect submicroscopic changes in the structural components of the spleen under the action of monosodium glutamate in the dynamics. For two, four, six and eight weeks, the animals received monosodium glutamate at a dose of 0.07 g / kg body weight daily with food. Sections of the spleen were made on a UMTP-6M ultramicrotome with a diamond knife (DIATOM) and double contrast was performed according to Reynolds and uranyl acetate. Submicroscopic examinations of the organ were performed using an electron transmission microscope TEM-100. The investigated material was photodocuted using a SONY – H9 digital camera. The first violations of the structural components of the spleen are observed after two weeks, namely the expansion of intercellular spaces in both white and red pulp of the spleen, which contain vacuole-like structures, an increase in plasma cells, the cytoplasm of which is filled with dilated tubules. In dynamics with increase in duration of reception changes deepen, reaching a maximum in 8 weeks of experiment. Electron microscopy revealed that the signs of adaptive-compensatory processes by the end of the experiment lead to a loss of regenerative function.
The effect of monosodium glutamate on lymphoid organs remains insufficiently studied. Also, no less relevant is the issue of correction of changes caused by the action of monosodium glutamate. The aim of the study was to study the electron microscopic changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of rats under the action of monosodium glutamate for six weeks and during correction with melatonin. The experimental study was performed on 66 white male and female rats of reproductive age. The structure of mesenteric lymph nodes of white rats under the conditions of physiological norm at the electron microscopic level was studied in 10 intact animals. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups, each with 10 animals. The control was 16 white rats, which instead of a high-calorie diet (HCD) received a standard diet of vivarium. HCD was achieved by adding to the diet of monosodium glutamate at a dose of 0.07 g/kg body weight of rats. The dose of melatonin was 10 mg/kg body weight of rats, administered orally daily at the same time in the afternoon. The electron microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of male and female rats of reproductive age of the intact and control groups corresponds to the species norm. The study showed that monosodium glutamate causes changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes as in alimentary obesity. After six weeks of HCD, the number of apoptically altered lymphocytes increases. That part of lymphocytes, which has no signs of karyorrhexis or karyolysis, has a karyolemma with deep intussusception, the cytoplasm is enlightened, the tubules of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in cells with signs of edema, dilated, mitochondrial ridges swollen, damaged. There are profound destructive changes in the cellular composition of the organ and violations at the level of all parts of the vascular bed. After six weeks of melatonin correction, the number of macrophages and plasma cells decreased, in some lymphocytes the nucleolus is not clearly expressed, the karyolemma is uneven, the cytoplasm is enlightened, the number of osmophilic (fatty) inclusions decreases both in the intercellular space and in the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore, the introduction of melatonin led to a significant restoration of the structural organization, and hence the function of this organ.
Notwithstanding the widespread use of opioid analgesics in medical practice and the increased incidence of drug addiction, especially among teenagers, the issue of the influence of opioids on the immune organs remains relevant.52 white male rats of reproductive age with an initial body weight of 140-150 g were involved into study. Nalbuphine was administered intramuscularly once daily at 10:00 -11:00 hours during 42 days, increasing the dose every 7 days. The material was collected in accordance with conventional technique.After one week of the introduction of Nalbuphine a moderate thickening of the basal membrane and enlargement of the lumen of blood capillaries was observed. Within the two weeks the lumen of arteries, arterioles and venules was slightly dilated, the nuclei of the endotheliocytes were slightly enlarged, occupying a significant portion of the cytoplasm; invaginations were formed by the karyolemma. After three to four weeks the veins and venules were dilated, plethoric, interendothelial bonds in the vascular wall were enlarged, the basal membrane was damaged, deformed red blood cells were found in the lumen of the hemocapillaries, arranged in the -coin column‖, often attached to the luminal surface of the endotheliocytes. The wall of arteries and arterioles were thickened due to the edema of endotheliocytes and initial signs of sclerosis. After five to six weeks the perivascular edemas and hemorrhages into the parenchyma thymus was detected. The vast majority of vessels vere -empty‖. One week after the drug was discontinued, no irreversible changes were found.Key words: nalbuphine, rat, vein, artery, blood capillary, endothelial cell, pericyte
The paper presents and analyzes data from an experimental study conducted on white rats in females and males of reproductive age. Obesity is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the research is to establish the morphometric and histological changes of the rat spleen parenchyma in experimental obesity and after the abolition of the high-calorie diet (HCD). We conducted a study on 70 white rats of reproductive age (2.5-6.5 months) weighing 120-280 g. High-calorie diet was achieved due to the fact that food was added sodium glutamate at a dose of 67 mg/kg of body weight of the rat. Controls were 10 white rats that received a standard vivarium diet instead of a high-calorie diet. Statistical processing of digital data was performed using Excel software and STATISTICA 6.0 using the parametric methods. Eight weeks after HCD, there was a significant decrease in the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females by 16.2% and 17.4%, respectively, and an increase in the relative area of red pulp by 5.6% and 6.2%, respectively. There is an immuno-inducing effect with enhanced proliferation of activated lymphocytes and their subsequent differentiation into plasma cells. Eight weeks after the abolition of HCD, the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females was 16.8% and 16.9% less than the parameters of the intact group of animals. Accordingly, the relative area of the red pulp by 5.8% and 6.1% exceeds the parameters of the intact group of animals. The area of the lymph nodes and the size of their reproductive centers decrease. The number of monocytes, macrophages and plasmocytes increases in the organ parenchyma. Hemosiderin residues occur both in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in intercellular spaces. Arteries with thickened wall, full-blooded, veins enlarged and full-blooded. The venous sinuses of the red pulp are dilated to contain hemosiderin residues. Thus, the depletion of lymphoid tissue with progression of mainly white pulp atrophy has been established. In the conditions of the eight-week abrogation of the HCD, no reverse changes in the structure of the parenchyma of the spleen were detected.
У медицині вже давно використовуються наркотичні анальгетики з лікувальною метою, але їхній вплив на органи імунної системи вивчений недостатньо. Мета роботи-дослідити закономірність субмікроскопічних змін структурних компонентів тимуса білих щурів-самців у динаміці шеститижневого впливу на організм опіоїду налбуфіну, а також через один тиждень після його відміни. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження здійснили на 52 білих щурах-самцях репродуктивного віку з початковою масою тіла 140-150 г. Препарат «Налбуфін» вводили внутрішньом′язово 1 раз на добу о 10-11 годині протягом 42 діб, підвищуючи дозу кожні 7 діб. Експериментальних тварин поділили на 8 груп: перша-інтактні тварини; друга група, яким упродовж 1 тижня щоденно вводили внутрішньом'язово опіоїд налбуфін у дозі 8 мг/кг; третя група, яким протягом 2 тижня дозу налбуфіну збільшили до 15 мг/кг; четверта група, яким упродовж 3 тижня дозу налбуфіну збільшили до 20 мг/кг; п'ята група, яким упродовж 4 тижня дозу налбуфіну збільшили до 25 мг/кг; шоста група, яким протягом 5 тижня дозу налбуфіну збільшили до 30 мг/кг; сьома група, яким упродовж 6 тижня дозу налбуфіну збільшили до 35 мг/кг; восьма група, у яких забирали матеріал через один тиждень після відміни препарату. Забір матеріалу виконували згідно з загальноприйнятими правилами. Зрізи виготовляли на ультрамікротомі УМТП-6М за допомогою алмазного ножа (DIATOM) і здійснювали подвійне контрастування-за Рейнольдсом та уранілацетатом. Досліджували зрізи тимуса за допомогою електронного трансмісійного мікроскопа ТЕМ-100. Фотодокументували досліджуваний матеріал за допомогою цифрової камери SONY-H9. Результати. Через один тиждень експерименту розширюється міжклітинний простір. Через два тижні контури ядер тимоцитів нерівні, розмиті. Через три-чотири тижні виникають деструктивно-дегенеративні зміни тимоцитів та епітеліоретикулоцитів. Через п'ять-шість тижнів частина тимоцитів та епітеліоретикулоцитів мають пікнотичні електронно-щільні ядра, збільшується кількість деструктивно змінених тимоцитів, епітеліоретикулоцитів і макрофагів із пікнотичними ядрами та у стані апоптозу. Через один тиждень після відміни налбуфіну наявні численні деструктивно змінені тимоцити та епітеліоретикулоцити й клітини у стані апоптозу, ядерна мембрана та плазмолема місцями пошкоджені. Висновки. При нетривалому впливі налбуфіну на організм протягом 2 тижнів не відбувається значущих структурних змін у тимусі. При дії налбуфіну впродовж 3-4 тижнів виникають деструктивно-дегенеративні зміни структурних компонентів тимуса. При тривалій дії налбуфіну протягом 5-6 тижнів настають глибокі деструктивно-дегенеративні зміни, що навіть через тиждень після відміни препарату не відновлюються.
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