A powerful factor in increasing the yield of feed mixtures is the use of mineral fertilizers. On average, over 4 years of research, the yield of green mass increases from 13.8 tons per hectare at the control (without fertilizers) to 27.4 tons per hectare (almost 2 times). However, the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers depends on how the sunflower and annual herbs are placed in space. Thus, on all backgrounds of mineral nutrition, the highest yield of green mass was obtained by sowing sunflower and annual herbs in separate strips with strip widths of 180 cm: N85P38K46 - 28.2 tons per hectare; N99P44K54 - 32.9 tons per hectare; N113P51K61 - 34.2 tons per hectare. In the same conditions, both narrowing the bands to 90 cm and expanding to 360 cm reduce the yield of the object of study. Mineral fertilizers also have a great influence on the gross yield of raw fat (an increase of 2.8 times), feed units - from 2,562 to 3,904, crude protein - 1.9 times, exchange energy - 2.4 times. As a result, the payback of each ruble of the cost of mineral fertilizers provides for the production of 1.5 rubles, and the bioenergy coefficient increases to 4.4, versus 2.2 for mixed sowing of sunflower and annual herbs.
Application of biological preparations and liquid fertilizer-stimulating compositions is a perspective direction of acceleration of growth rates of production of sunflower oil raw materials in soil and climatic conditions of the middle Volga region owing to the following reasons: they stimulate the growth capacity of shoots and accelerate the transition of plants to autotrophic nutrition. As a result, a powerful deep-penetrating sunflower root system is formed, which provides additional sources of food and moisture from such deep layers of soil that are completely inaccessible to cereals; antibiotics produced by biopreparations and chelate form of copper reduces infection of seeds and crops by pathogens of basket and root rot. The number of affected plants is reduced by 35-38% depending on the varietal characteristics of the culture; a positive merger of two factors (additional nutrition and protection of plants from diseases) in one direction is the basis for the formation of highly productive agrocenoses, providing additional production of 0.26-0.27 t/ha of sunflower oil seeds (132-138 kg/ha of vegetable oil).
The article considers the significance of the transition from the consumer approach to adaptive farming. The natural and ecological potentials of the republic have been analyzed in the context of municipal districts and measures have been developed to develop these territories. Based on the natural-ecological and natural-resource potential of the Republic of Tatarstan, crop rotation systems are recommended for specific conditions.
We can expect to receive from 0.81 to 0.97 tons of sunflower oil seeds per hectare in the soil-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region without the introduction of mineral fertilizers. As the doses of mineral fertilizers are increased, the productivity of 1 hectare of arable land is increased 2.8 times and the gross collections of oilseeds are 2.14 tons per hectare at the non highest background of mineral nutrition, against 0.86 tons per hectare in the control variant of the experiment (without fertilizers). The optimization of seeding rates of the studied culture is of great importance in the formation of highly productive agrocenoses. In the variants of supplementary supply of plants with nutrients, especially when N98P38K124 is introduced, the seeding rate of 70 thousand pieces per hectare of virgin seeds raises the yield of sunflower by 0.51 tons per hectare (a very solid increase in yield), compared with the sowing rate of 60 thousand pieces per hectare.
In the Republic of Tatarstan sunflower is cultivated on an area of 100 or more thousands of hectares and tends to grow as a high-margin crop. Therefore, the introduction of resource-saving sunflower cultivation technology, which provides 25-30 centners per hectare of high-quality, environmentally safe oilseeds based on planning and operational management of crops, taking into account the results of geoinformation systems of intrafield variability of plant habitat, is an actual problem of the modern agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation as a whole. In addition, the differentiated application of mineral fertilizers, soil cultivation to the optimum depth, precise sowing with respect to the parameters between the rows and the distance between the seeds in the rows, sealing the seeds to the same depth, optimizing plant care, predicting and harvesting losses without loss real under conditions of wide use of GIS-technologies in agriculture. In this regard, this article looks at promising areas of application of GIS technologies in the production of sunflower oilseeds.
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