Introduction. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of different exercise interventions on anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients through 1-year outpatient rehabilitation. Methods. overall, 138 breast cancer patients were assessed for eligibility. After excluding 14 women, 124 patients were randomly allocated to water exercise interventions (group A, n = 50), Pilates exercise interventions (group B, n = 44), and yoga exercise interventions (group C, n = 30). Finally, 115 patients completed relevant interventions and were analysed. The participants reported anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and depression Scale at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of the interventions. Results. After 12 months, a decrease in anxiety and depression was observed by 5.64 (p < 0.001) and 4.09 (p < 0.001) points in group A, by 5.75 (p < 0.001) and 4.60 (p < 0.001) points in group B, and by 4.07 (p < 0.001) and 3.14 (p < 0.001) points in group C, respectively. Group A showed significantly better results than group C in anxiety (by 1.54 points; p < 0.01) and depression (by 1.40 points; p < 0.05). Group B obtained significantly better results than group C in anxiety (by 1.61 points; p < 0.01) and depression (by 1.81 points; p < 0.01). Conclusions. Practising a water exercise program resulted in a better decrease of anxiety and depression levels compared with Pilates and yoga interventions.
At the end of 2019, the new virus called Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread widely from China all over the world (including Europe). Most countries in Europe at the beginning of 2020 have been quarantined. The aim of the work is to develop the system dynamics model for assessing the impact of the different factors on the COVID-19 death rate in Europe. There were tested three hypotheses about factors of reducing the COVID-19 death rate with the help of linear regression analysis. The density of the population of European countries doesn’t affect the COVID-19 death rate. Also, COVID-19 death rate does not drastically affect mortality statistics. But the level of country’s economic development is a factor of COVID-19 death rate because in high developed countries the pandemic death rate is lower, regardless of the mechanisms of the spread of the disease and its impact on human health.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yoga on heart rate variability in patients with breast cancer in an outpatient rehabilitation program. Material and methods: Eighty-four patients with breast cancer were eligible for this study. After the exclusion of 7 women, participants were randomly allocated to a yoga exercise program (group A, n=33) and Pilates exercise program (group B, n=44). Heart rate variability parameters were evaluated at baseline, after six and twelve months of yoga exercises. Results: After twelve months of performing yoga exercises, standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) improved by 5.53 ms (p<0.001), square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR interval (RMSSD) improved by 4.91 ms (p<0.01), total power (TP) improved by 279.78 ms2 (p<0.001), very low frequency (VLF) improved by 109.76 ms2 (p<0.01), low frequency (LF) improved by 88.38 ms2 (p<0.01), high frequency (HF) improved by 77.60 ms2 (p<0.05), and stress index (Si) improved by 137.24 c.u. (p<0.01). Based on the results after 12 months, women in group A showed significantly better results compared to group B in SDNN by 3.28 ms (p<0.05), RMSSD by 3.34 ms (p<0.05), TP by 170.33 ms2 (p<0.05), HF by 64.33 (p<0.05), and Si by 56.49 c.u. (p<0.05). Conclusions: Performing the yoga exercise program resulted in an increase of the parasympathetic and baroreflex effects on the cardiovascular system and a decrease in the tonic effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Yoga should be considered as an effective tool in normalizing the functional state of the autonomic nervous system. breast cancer, heart rate, pilates, yoga
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