Biogen elements that enter the water in large quantities are one of the main pollutants in the aquatic environment. They lead both to eutrophication of the reservoir and a decrease in the viability of young fish, acting as toxin. The energy enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase), nitrogen (glutamate dehydrogenase) metabolism, dephosphorylation processes, and immune protection (by alkaline phosphatase activity) under the long-term action of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus phosphates was studied. The biological object of research were 30–45 day common carp juveniles (Cyprinus carpio L.). According to our results, the peculiarities of the adaptive reactions of young carp to the action of these compounds have been established. We revealed, that under the loading of ammonium nitrogen, the activity of the processes of anaerobic digestion of energy-intensive complex increases directly in the organs of neutralization and excretion of nitrogenous compounds, namely in the gills. In general, the body of the carp due to these actions reduces the total energy consumption for maximum survival in these environmental conditions. We registered, that under the influence of elevated concentrations of phosphorus phosphates, oxidation of biogen elements to the body's energy needs in the presence of oxygen was observed. The processes of immune defense and dephosphorylation, for which LPh is responsible, also the detoxification, the excretion of nitrogenous substances from the body of carp (GDG) occurred differently depending on the chemical nature of the toxin. Thus, under the influence of ammonium nitrogen there was an increase in the activity of LPh in the highest concentrations of the toxin, and the activity of GDG decreased to reduce the production of ammonia, to avoid endogenous intoxication. Through these load of potassium monophosphate, the rise in the activity of immune defense processes and the involvement of ammonia in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids due to reamination to the energy supply of the processes of counteracting the weak but chronic toxic effects of orthophosphate ion. Under the load of ammonium chloride was observed not only the use of “traditional” energy substrates - glycogen and lipids, as well as proteins, which indicates the high toxicity of this compound for the body of young carp. Through the action of orthophosphate ion, the active use of lipids and even the activation of gluconeogenesis at maximum concentrations, as a reaction to weak long-term chemical stress.
The spinal ganglia, which perform the function of the first link on the afferent impulses’ way from the receptors to the central nervous system, recognize internal and external irritations, and are the first to transform them into a nervous impulse. As the representatives of the peripheral nervous system, they are some of the main objects of the studies in contemporary neuromorphology. Based on the results of anatomic, neurohistological, histochemical, morphometric and statistical methods of the studies, we conducted a complex survey, revealing the morphology of spinal ganglia of different segmental levels in the domestic dog. In particular, we determined the differences in the microscopic structure and morphometric parameters of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal ganglia and the ganglia of the cervical and lumbar enlargements in mature domestic dogs. The study showed that the spinal ganglia of domestic dogs can have different skeletotopy, different shape and sizes due to their species peculiarity. Also, the surveyed animals, according to the results of our studies, had the cervical and thoracic spinal ganglia of oval, while the lumbar and sacral – spindle-like shapes. According to the results of morphometry, the area of the spinal ganglia in lengthwise section differed: the smallest area belonged to the thoracic, the largest to the sacral spinal ganglia. The density of neuronal arrangement per 0.1 mm2 of the area of the spinal ganglia correlated with their sizes: the highest parameter was identified for the thoracic spinal ganglia, the lowest – for the sacral. The conducted studies revealed that histo- and cyto-structure of the spinal ganglia is characteristic of notable differentiation of the nervous cells of small sizes. Therefore, we differentiated neurons of the spinal ganglia into large, medium and small. The highest quantity of large neurons was found in the sacral ganglia, and largest amount of medium-sized neurons – in the ganglia of the lumbar enlargement. In other ganglia, small neurons dominated. Correspondingly, different nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in these neurons was determined, indicating different extent of morphofunctional condition of nervous cells. We determined content of localization and separation of nucleic acids in histostructure of the spinal cord at the tissue and cellular levels.
The scientific article presents the results of investigating the spinal cord`s morphology of a domestic bull (Bos Taurus). Data on the histo- and cytostructure of the spinal cord are given according to the results of histological, neurohistological, and morphometric studies. For their implementation, the selected material (spinal cord n = 8) was subjected to fixation in 10–12 % neutral formalin solution, followed by pouring into paraffin. Histological sections were made from paraffin blocks on a sliding microtome MS-2 with a thickness of not more than ten μm. Staining of sections with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson's methods, as well as neuro-histological methods of impregnation of nerve tissue with silver nitrate according to the Bilshovskym-Gross method, was used for the morphometric studies, investigating the morphology of the cell, conducting and obtaining the review histological preparations. The histostructure of the spinal cord, the localization of neurons in the gray matter, and morphometric studies of structural elements were examined on histological specimens by light microscopy. The entire experimental part of the research was conducted following the requirements of the international principles of the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986). The spinal cord, medulla spinalis, an organ of the central nervous system of vertebrates, is located in the spinal canal. The spinal cord is protected externally by soft, arachnoid, and hard meninges. The space between the membranes and the spinal canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It is well known that groups of multipolar nerve cells with the same functional value form the nuclei of the gray matter of the spinal cord. According to the results of our histological studies, a pronounced differentiation of nerve cells, which have different shapes and sizes. Among them are large, medium, and small nerve cells. The shape of nerve cells is different, which, in turn, depends on their location in certain areas of the gray matter of the spinal cord and the size of the cell. In general, there are multifaceted, stellate, spindle-shaped, elongated, rounded, and oval neurons. Small nerve cells have an oval or round, less often – irregularly rounded shape, medium – round, oval, spindle-shaped. Large nerve cells are dominated by a multifaceted shape with distinct processes. The nuclei of large nerve cells, in most cases, have a rounded shape, less often – oval, mostly in the center of the cells, seldom – eccentrically. According to the results of morphological studies, it is noted that the neurons of the gray matter of the spinal cord have different shapes and sizes. Consequently, in the gray matter, small cells are the highest quantity (47.91 ± 0.32 %) of the total number of nerve cells. The second place is occupied by average neurons (33.70 ± 0.46 %). The large cells are detected in the smallest amount (18.37 ± 0.50 %).
Проблематика. Селезінка як важливий орган імуногенезу чутлива до змін зовнішнього і внутрішнього середовища. Цю властивість використовують у біомоніторингу довкілля. Значення морфологічних досліджень селезінки зростає із захворюваннями птахів, збудники яких становлять загрозу здоров'ю і життю людини. Вони необхідні для отримання якісної та безпечної продукції птахівництва. Праці з морфометричного вивчення селезінки птахів мають фрагментарний характер. Тому актуальне комплексне анатомічне, морфометричне вивчення селезінки птахів. Мета. Встановлення морфометричних критеріїв селезінки птахів у нормі: відносної маси, відносних площ білої та червоної пульп, опорно-скоротливого апарату, імунорегуляторного індексу. Методика реалізації. Анатомічні дослідження селезінки з визначенням топографії, лінійних значень. Імуногістохімічні, гістологічні та цитологічні дослідження мікро-й ультрамікроскопічного рівня після фіксації матеріалу у формаліні або глютаровому альдегіді. Фарбування гістопрепаратів здійснювали гематоксиліном Ерліха й еозином та за методами Браше і Ван Гізона. Субпопуляції лімфоцитів виявляли за допомогою мишачих моноклональних антитіл. Морфометричні визначення відносної площі структурних компонентів селезінки та співвідношень між ними у статевозрілих голуба, курки, перепілки. Результати. Відносна маса селезінки дорівнює 0,022 ± 0,008 % у голуба; 0,138 ± 0,01 % у курки; 0,121 ± 0,03 % у перепілки. Радіальні трабекули в селезінці курки відсутні, в голуба та перепілки розвинені слабо. Відносна площа опорно-скоротливого апарату селезінки становить 9,21 ± 3,40 % у голуба; 3,02 ± 0,95 % у курки та 4,25 ± 0,95 % у перепілки. Відносна площа білої пульпи селезінки займає 18,68 ± 3,75 % у курки, 14,38 ± 2,58 % у перепілки та 14,93 ± 6,14 % у голуба. Лімфоцити СD4+ та СD8+ локалізувалися переважно в періартеріальних лімфоїдних піхвах. Лімфоцити СD19+ та СD20+ сконцентровані в лімфоїдних вузликах, у пульпі домінували СD20+-клітини. Ультрамікроскопічною особливістю селезінки перепілки є великі ядерця у клітинах пульпи; у голуба порівняно з іншими птахами більша кількість аутофагосом у лімфобластах; у курки ендотеліальні клітини мають добре розвинені органели метаболічного типу. Висновки. Співвідношення білої пульпи до червоної дорівнювало 1:4,91 у голуба, 1:4,19 у курки та 1:5,66 у перепілки. Імунорегуляторний індекс пульпи дорівнював 2,00 у голуба; 1,85 у курки; 1,73 у перепілки. Отримані морфометричні критерії селезінки птахів у нормі є підставою для подальших досліджень впливу чинників довкілля, мікроорганізмів, фармакологічних препаратів для розробки тест-системи органа в нормі.
Aim. The work aimed to study the influence of the components of a soft rectal medicine with carrot root extract and rutin on biopharmaceutical parameters and its pharmacological activity. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of soft pharmaceutical forms made on different bases. Pharmacological, biopharmaceutical, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used in the study. The results. According to the data of organoleptic studies, determination of colloidal stability, and determination of pH, it was established that the studied samples were stable during the entire observation period. According to the data of rheological studies, it was established that all systems are thixotropic. However, the recovery time of the system is different, which is related to the physicochemical properties of auxiliary substances included in the samples. The performed spectral analysis of dialysate solutions of experimental samples of soft medicine indicates the possibility of quantitative determination of the number of flavonoids in dialysates in terms of rutin. The components of the base of the samples and the thick extract of carrot roots do not interfere with the determination of rutin in dialysates with pH 6.8 by the absorption spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 352 nm. The analysis of the obtained results of the study of the release of rutin from samples into a phosphate buffer solution by dialysis through a semipermeable membrane shows that the complete release is provided by auxiliary substances used in the preparation of sample No. 4, which is an emulsion of the first kind. The obtained data from pharmacological studies on the dynamics of planimetric indicators on the model of stencil wounds in rats demonstrated a wound-healing effect in all the studied samples and the reference agent - Hemorol suppositories. However, using sample No. 4 in the treatment of a stencil wound promotes faster healing, which in clinical use can contribute to reducing the risk of infection, the spread of infection, and reducing the area of the wound defect. Conclusions. According to the results of the complex studies, moderate advantages of sample No. 4 over the comparison drug and other samples have been established, determining the perspective of further research
Features of histoarchitectonics, cyto-and histometry of mesenteric lymph nodes in ruminants (cattle, sheep) and horses have been clarified. Scientific studies show that the histoarchitectonics of mesenteric lymph nodes in experimental animals are similar but differ in certain morphometric parameters. Lymph nodes are covered with a connective tissue capsule. Its thickness in cattle 1.7 fold greater than the thickness in sheep and horses. The parenchyma of the lymph nodes is formed by cortical and cerebral substances, the boundary between which is clearly expressed on the section of lymph nodes. According to the analysis of morphometric studies, the cortex is more developed in sheep (55.14±16.7 %), the brainin horses (68.6±6.83 %). However, the average area of lymph nodes in sheep (0.19±0.05 mm 2) and horses (0.08±0.01 mm 2) is much smaller than in cattle (0.46±0.07 mm 2). The cytostructure of lymph nodes is represented by various cellular elements, the most pronounced of which are blast forms, lymphocytes, reticular cells, macrophages, which differ in their structure and intensity of staining. In the lymph nodes of mesenteric lymph nodes in cattle, small and medium lymphocytes (47.1±2.53 % and 31.7±1.84 %) occupy a significant share. In large numbers, they are located on the periphery of lymph nodes with pronounced light centers. Reticular cells are 14.6±1.37 %. Lymphoblasts and large lymphocytes, which are mainly localized in the light centers of the lymph nodes, occupy 3.8±0.87 %, and macrophages-1.4±0.3 %. The proportion of destroyed cells is 1.0±0.26 %. The main part of the cerebral substance is occupied by pulp cords. There is a tendency for small lymphocytes to increase, mainly due to a 3.1-fold decrease in the number of blasts and large lymphocytes, a 3-fold decrease in the number of macrophages, and a twofold decrease in the number of destroyed cells. The number of average lymphocytes and reticular cells is almost unchanged compared to the same indicators in the lymph nodes and is 31.0±2.48 % and 13.8±1.5 %. A similar distribution of cellular elements in the lymph nodes and lymph nodes was observed in sheep and horses. However, in sheep, in contrasts to cattle, there was a 1.4-fold increase in the number of blasts and large lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and 1.6-fold in the pulp. In horses, these figures have not changed. An increase in the cytopopulation of reticular cells was observed, especially in pulp cords from 13.8±1.5 % in cattle to 23.0±1.73 % in sheep and to 21.1±0.9 % in horses. The number of macrophages remained almost at the same level as in cattle. The percentage of destroyed cells in ruminants was almost the same, but in horses, this figure increased 1.8 fold in the lymph nodes and decreased 2.5 fold in the pulp, relative to such figures in cattle.
Respiratory organs and cardiovascular system are interconnected and perform extremely vital functions of the organism, the main goals being performing gas exchange with the environment and emitting carbon dioxide produced in the organism into the environment. Therefore, we carried out comparative histo- and cytomorphometric evaluation of morphological structures of the heart and lungs of cattle, sheep and horses. Using complex methods of research, we determined specifics of microscopic structure and histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs and myocardium of the ventricles of the hearts of clinically healthy animals in species aspect – cattle, sheep and horses. The studies revealed that the histoarchitectonics of the studied animals were similar in structure, characteristic of other species of agricultural mammals, and distinct morphometric peculiarities of their histostructures. The study indicated that the respiratory zone of the lungs is most developed in horses. This parameter was lower in ruminants – cattle and sheep. Connective tissue septum of parenchyma of lungs was better expressed in cattle and sheep, and less in horses. At the same time, mean volume of lung alveoli in clinically healthy animals varied: being highest in horses – 699 ± 106 thou µm3, then cattle – 337 ± 43 thou µm3 and sheep – 158 ± 37 thou µm3. Such variation in histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs in experimental animals indicates adaptive specifics of the organism of animals in terms of living conditions. Therefore, the respiratory zone was most developed in the lungs of horses, animals that experience significant physical and physiological load on corresponding organs and systems. As a result of histometric studies of myocardium, we determined patterns of sizes of thickness of its cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei. We determined that in myocardium of the heart ventricles, in the same microscope field of view, cardiomyocytes of varying thicknesses occur. At the same time, thickness of cardiomyocytes, their mean volume of nuclei in the ventricle myocardium were expressed the most in cattle, then in horses and sheep, and their histometric parameters in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in the experimental animals were higher than in the right one. Therefore, thickness of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle in cattle equaled 14.06 ± 0.41 µm, and volume of nuclei of cardiomyocytes respectively 124.55 ± 7.99 µm3. Similar changes in such parameters of histometry were found in sheep and horses. We attribute such varying histometric parameters of the thickness of cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in experimental animals, compared with such parameters in the right ventricle, to the activities of the ventricles (the left one generally functions as a pump, right one – as a volumetric) and functional specifics of this myocardium tissue, which is capable of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, resulting in blood flow in the vessels: cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle carry greater load, promoting blood flow in vessels of greater (somatic) blood circulation, respectively cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle – less load, promoting blood flow in vessels of lesser (pulmonary) blood circulation.
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