Morphology and specifics of morphometry of lungs and myocardium of heart ventricles of cattle, sheep and horses

Cardiovascular organopathology in dogs occurs quite often, but is not fully diagnosed. The occurrence of cardiovascular pathology is due to inadequate physical activity, infectious diseases, injuries, blood loss, diseases of the lungs and other systems, hereditary factors, etc. It is known that prevention, diagnosis, surgical intervention and treatment of these pathologies are impossible without knowledge of the morpho-functional parameters of anatomy, histology and physiology. The cardiovascular system in mammals performs vital functions, ensuring the vital activity of the animal and human body. The cardiovascular system is very plastic in relation to the morpho-functional relationship and has not only pronounced hereditary individual traits, but also the ability to quickly adapt to the changing conditions of the organism's existence. It is one of the first to respond to various natural and anthropogenic factors of the environment and physical stress. The study of the cardiovascular system is an urgent issue today. The aim of the study was to study the morphological assessment of macro- and microstructures of the heart of a sexually mature domestic dog (n = 5), class – Mammalia, species – wolf (Canis lupus), subspecies – domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The completed work is a fragment of the scientific topic of the scientific research work of the Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology, Hygiene and Expertise of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Polish National University on the topic: “Development, morphology and histochemistry of animal organs in normal and pathological conditions”, according to state registration number No. 0113V000900 and scientific topics: “Features of the morphology of the heart of domestic mammals”, state registration No. 0121U108884. For the work, complex morphological research methods were used: anatomical, histological, organo-, histo- and cytometric, statistical, thanks to which new data on the peculiarities of the macro-, histo- and cytomorphometric characteristics of the morphological structures of the heart in the studied animals were presented. The dog's heart has a rounded shape, its absolute weight is 167.58 ± 9.46 g (without epicardial fat – 154.22 ± 8.04 g), relative weight is 0.72 ± 0.005 %. It was established that the microscopic structure of the ventricles and atria of the dog's heart differ by cytometric indicators, depending on their morphofunctional load. Thus, cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle have the largest volume – 2941.76 ± 127.44 μm3, the right one has a smaller volume – 2237.24 ± 103.02 μm3, and the cardiomyocytes of the atria have the smallest volume – 1496.92±98.02 μm3. The volume of the nuclei of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle is 64.58 ± 5.09 μm3, of the right ventricle – 59.97 ± 5.83 μm3, the volume of cardiomyocytes of the atria is correspondingly smaller – 53.06 ± 6.02 μm3. At the same time, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle is equal to 0.0224±0.0076, cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle are more important – 0.0275 ± 0.0081, and cardiomyocytes of the atria are the most important – 0.0367 ± 0.0105. We associate such ambiguous cytometric parameters of cardiomyocytes with the morphofunctional activity of the ventricles and the functional features of this myocardial tissue, which is capable of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, as a result of which blood moves through a closed vascular system. Information on the morphology of the heart of a domestic dog, including the results of the study of the macro- and microscopic structure of the studied organs, which are presented in the publication, are of great importance for histology and comparative anatomy, and also make a significant contribution to clinical veterinary medicine.

Section: таблицяunclassified

Anatomical and morphological features of the heart of a domestic dog (Canis Lupus Familiaris L., 1758)

Ragulya,

Goralskyi,

Sokulskyi

et al. 2024

“…Слід зазначити, що регуляція життєво важливих функцій організму відбувається завдяки морфофункціональній діяльності органів та систем (França-Silva et al, 2016;Covantse, et al, 2023). Завдяки їх роботі проявляються основні властивості живих організмівпідтримання гомеостазу, дихання, живлення, розмноження, тощо (Pishak et al, 2021;Horalskyi et al, 2022). Органи та системи тісно взаємодіють між собою і впливають на діяльність одна одної (Festing & Wilkinson, 2007).…”

Section: вступunclassified

Morphological characteristics of the kidneys of mature dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris L., 1758)

Khomenko,

Sokulskyi,

Zaika

2024

Each biological species of animals is unique in its structure, which is due to the uniqueness of ecological habitats and the peculiarities of adaptation of homeostasis mechanisms to the influence of environmental factors. Subtle differences in the structural and functional components of organs found in different species of animals create a clear architecture for understanding the depth of biological processes. Research of species, breed and age macro- and microanatomical structures and their morphometric indicators of organs and systems should be considered as urgent tasks of modern morphology. The new data on the morphological indicators of organs discovered at the macro- and micro-levels make a certain contribution to the age-related, breed-related, comparative, experimental and clinical morphology of mammals. Urinary organs in the body of mammals play one of the leading roles in maintaining the physiological and biochemical status of the organism and homeostasis as a whole, which largely depends directly on the morphological and functional state of these organs. Increasingly, there is a need for comprehensive scientific studies of various departments of the urinary organs. The scientific article uses material that is a fragment of the planned research work of the department of normal and pathological morphology, hygiene and expertise “Development, morphology and histochemistry of animal organs in normal and pathological conditions”, state registration number 0120U100796. The article contains the results of the morphometric characteristics of the kidneys of sexually mature dogs – Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758. During the implementation of this work, complex research methods were applied: anatomical, histological, morphometric and statistical. For histological examination, a fragment of kidneys was selected, they were fixed in 10 % neutral formalin solution, Carnois and Buena fluid. In the future, dehydration was carried out in alcohols of increasing concentration and the procedure for sealing the organ was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Using a sled microtome, histological sections with a thickness of 7–10 μm were obtained. Processing of the results of histological sections was examined under a “Micros” light microscope with a digital camera at a magnification of × 100–400. The morphological study of the structural organs of the urinary system was studied on histological sections by the method of light microscopy in accordance with the requirements of the international principles of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used in Experiments and Other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986), by the decision of the First National Congress on Bioethics (M. Kyiv, 2001), Law of Ukraine No. 692 “On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment” (3447-IV) dated February 21, 2006. According to the histological structure, the kidneys of dogs are represented by renal corpuscles and renal tubules, which are made of epithelial cells. Organometric studies indicate that the absolute mass of kidneys in sexually mature dogs is 119.8 ± 6.48 g, relative – 0.74 ± 0.04 %. Morphometric studies of the kidney parenchyma in dogs have established that the average area of renal corpuscles is 4.89 ± 0.24 thousand μm², the area of the vascular glomerulus is 3.79 ± 0.18 thousand μm², the area of the Shumlyansky-Bowman capsule lumen is 1.12 ± 0.27 thousand μm². The average volume of renal bodies of the cortical substance is 1265.69 ± 239.34 thousand μm³. The number of renal corpuscles per conventional unit of area (5 mm²) is 20.8 ± 0.6 units. The aim of the work was to investigate the peculiarities of the morphogistological structure of the kidneys of sexually mature dogs. The research results will expand information about the morphological structure, and will serve for the development of issues of physiology, pathology and treatment of diseases of the urinary organs.

“…Вже встановлено, що при включенні в раціон перепелів біологічно ак-тивних добавок відбувався позитивний вплив на процеси гемопоезу та збільшення маси тіла (Garmata, 2018). Загалом визначення морфофізіологічної норми стану організмів завжди залишається одним з найважливіших питань в біологічних, медичних, ветеринарних дослідженнях (Horalskyi et al, 2022). У зв'язку з цим фізіолого-морфологічні дослідження сільськогосподарських тварин проводяться в широкому масштабі, оскільки вони необхідні для контролю над відтворенням поголів'я і оцінки впливу умов утримання, годівлі тварин, профілактики захворювань, підвищення продуктивної здатності тощо та з метою встановлення показників норми, які використовують на підприємствах для отримання екологічно чистої та безпечної продукції (Tarasenco, 2015;Wu et al, 2018).…”

Section: продукція перепелівництва користується попитом вunclassified

Peculiarities of morphological indicators of quail spleen (Coturnix japonica Temminck et Schlegel, 1849) when using protein-vitamin mineral supplements

Dunaievska,

Sokulskiy,

Horalskyi

et al. 2024

In most countries of the world, poultry farming is one of the main branches of agriculture, which provides the population with high-quality food products. To date, the positive dynamics of the growth of such a branch of industrial poultry farming as quail breeding has been noted. Quails have a complex of excellent economic and productive advantages compared to other agricultural birds – high body temperature, intensive metabolism in the body, small size, precocity, high egg productivity. The question of increasing the productivity of quail breeding, as a branch of precocious animal husbandry, has always occupied the attention of biologists, morphologists, physiologists, geneticists and technologists. This topical problem has various scientific aspects: morphological, histochemical, physiological, genetic, etc. Special attention in the conducted research is required to study the impact of additives on the body of quails, the absence of negative effects and the production of safe products for humans. We chose the spleen as a biomarker, because the spleen is an important peripheral organ of immune protection, sensitive to the action of various factors, whose morphofunctional indicators determine the magnitude and nature of the impact. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of modern protein-vitamin mineral supplements, which are advertised and offered by producers in the poultry industry to stimulate the growth and development of the bird, on the quail body. In the studies, the features of the microscopic structure and morphometry of the spleen of control and experimental animals were used as sensitive characteristics of the action of additives. The proposed methods are aimed at researching the impact of protein-vitamin mineral supplements on the relevant industry. So, for 21 days, mineral supplements “Multilife”, “Missy” and “Standard Agro” were added to the main ration of quails. Using macrometric methods, the body weight of quails, the weight of the spleen (absolute and relative) were determined. For histological studies, pieces of the spleen were fixed in a 10 % formalin solution, and after embedding in paraffin, histological sections were prepared from it, which after deparaffinization were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to the methods of Brachet and Van Gieson. For electron microscopic examination, the spleen was immediately fixed with a 2.5 % solution of glutaraldehyde in a phosphate buffer with additional fixation in a 1 % solution of osmium tetroxide according to Caulfield. For the first time, the ultrastructural organization of the spleen of Japanese quail was investigated after feeding protein-vitamin mineral supplements, which may indicate the absence of their negative impact on the structural and functional state of the spleen. Important morphological structural indicators of the morphofunctional state of the spleen were determined: the relative area of the white pulp, red pulp, lymphoid nodules, periarterial lymphoid sheaths, and the contractile apparatus. According to the analysis of the morphological results obtained by us, it was investigated that the microscopic structure of the quail spleen is characterized by the presence of a support-contractile apparatus with a relative area of 4.58 ± 0.76 % and single radial trabeculae. The parenchyma is formed by white and red pulp without clear boundaries. Lymphoid nodules without bright centers, periarterial lymphoid sheaths, and ellipsoids were identified as part of the white pulp. The ultrastructural organization of the spleen of quails had peculiarities: the nuclei of leukocytes contain large nucleoli, the endotheliocytes of the central artery of the lymphoid follicle perform a phagocytic function by accumulating autophagosomes in their cytoplasm. The macroscopic, microscopic and ultramicroscopic structure of quails that were added to the main diet with the listed additives did not undergo any changes. As a result, the following supplements led to an increase in the body weight of quails: by 5.78 % when using the Multilife supplement, by 12.51 % when using the Missy supplement, and by 8.12 % when using the Standard Agro supplement, and the weight of the spleen on 7.17 %, 16.04 % and 10.54 %, respectively. The conducted studies showed that the relative weight of the organ practically did not change. At the same time, there is a trend towards an increase in the relative area of the white pulp and the supporting-contractile apparatus. Taking into account the obtained data, it can be concluded that our research confirms the feasibility of using modern protein-vitamin mineral supplements in poultry farming to stimulate the growth and development of poultry. Especially valuable is the absence of a negative effect on the morphofunctional indicators of the spleen, which was used as a biomarker in research.