Forest typology holds the central position in modern forestry. We give an overview of research on forest typology in Russia. Forest typology in Russia actively developed and improved with respect to requests forestry throughout the entire period of its existence. It remains the necessary basis for preserving the biodiversity of land ecosystems and ensuring sustainable forest management amid the growing anthropogenic impact and climate change. The birth of scientific forest typology is associated with the name of G.F. Morozov. A biogeocoenotic approach to forest classification was offered by V.N. Sukachev. V.N. Sukachev developed classifications for boreal forests which had been little affected by economic activity. The biogeocoenotic approach proved effective there. However, when literally applied to commercial forests, the biogeocoenotic approach sometimes failed to deliver satisfying results. The exponential shrinkage of natural forests and the increasing share of dynamic secondary growth brought about the need to reflect the time-related forest changes in classifications. The origins of the genetic approach can be found in the writings of G.F. Morozov. The first satisfactory geo-genetic forest classification was built by B.A. Ivashkevich. B.P. Kolesnikov provided the theoretical grounding and main postulates for the approach. According to B.P. Kolesnikov, a geographical and genetic classification means a classification based on the forest origin and evolution patterns which takes account of all the forest ecosystem stages and can be used to predict their future changes. Currently forest typology develops as an interdisciplinary science. It integrates forestry, geobotanics, forest taxation, soil sciences, biogeography, geology, and landscape ecology. A new methodology is being developed. It is a synthesis of forest ecology and synergetic. It uncovers new reserves for the forest science development.
The sustainability of the Northern territories is characterized by a number of features expressed by the climatic and economic conditions that have determined the coexistence of two diametrically opposite types of nature management: traditional nature management and subsoil use. It determines directions in the field of rational organization of the use of land (natural) resources, which requires an integrated landscape and ecological approach. The key element of this process is the accumulation of current views, principles, and methods of several areas of activity that provide planning for the development of the territories. This refers to land management and territorial planning.
The importance of environmental entrepreneurship development is determined by the search for new ways of economic evolvement in the face of increasing economic damage from pollution and depletion of the natural environment. The essence of entrepreneurship in economic science is widely disclosed, but the theory of environmental entrepreneurship is at the nascent stage. The paper analyzes the essence of environmental entrepreneurship, the theoretical prerequisites for its emergence. It is shown that theoretical approaches to the essence and origin of environmental entrepreneurship are interrelated and can be used in various combinations. The article highlights one of the most important trends in the development of environmental entrepreneurship-organic agricultural production. The concept and principles of organic agriculture in the interpretation of international organizations such as the Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) are studied. It is shown that the demand for organic products is growing every year throughout the world and Russia has great prospects in the development of the organic market, but today it is almost in its infancy. The article analyzes the reasons that restrain the development of organic products market such as non-compliance with the requirements of international certification, greenwashing and others. Directions for the development of organic agriculture in Russia are highlighted such as the improvement of legislation to regulate organic products market and mechanisms of preferences for producers.
The relevance of this work is conditioned by the growing challenges and risks arising in the mining areas, and the need to counteract them. The purpose of the work is to develop methodology of a sustainable land use under the conditions of modern changes in the environment under the influence of anthropogenic stress. The authors propose to interpret the concept of "sustainable land use" as a long-term, multipurpose and cost-effective relationship between society and land resources. Results. The issues of methodology of sustainable land use in industrial regions are considered. The levels of sustainable land use management within the framework of the concept of biotic regulation of the environment are substantiated. The features of management on each of them are revealed, and the scientific and technical principles of sustainable land use are formulated. The strategic priorities and indicators of sustainable land use are defined. Methodological approaches to ecological and economic assessment of land resources are formulated both by components and by integrated assessment. The widespread, long-term changes of land resources and transformation of ecosystems are taken into account. The parameters according to which the "corridors" of acceptable land use are determined, including environmental parameters. The level of natural ecosystems conservation, the balance of natural and anthropogenic energy flows, the degree of extraction of natural resources, as well as social parameters are among them. The procedure of coordinating individual interests and social preferences on the basis of search of optimum effective options of sustainable land use. It is recommended to perform a multi-criteria optimization of sustainable land use by means of the lexicographical method in relatively simple situations. In more complex cases this can be attained by the method of successive concession. The options of the discount rate and the discount factor depending on the value of the discount period (according to the model of complex processes) are proposed. Applying the results. The implementation of the developed methodological provisions allows to provide conditions for sustainable land use, counteracting risks associated with environmental challenges arising in the mining areas.
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