Forest typology holds the central position in modern forestry. We give an overview of research on forest typology in Russia. Forest typology in Russia actively developed and improved with respect to requests forestry throughout the entire period of its existence. It remains the necessary basis for preserving the biodiversity of land ecosystems and ensuring sustainable forest management amid the growing anthropogenic impact and climate change. The birth of scientific forest typology is associated with the name of G.F. Morozov. A biogeocoenotic approach to forest classification was offered by V.N. Sukachev. V.N. Sukachev developed classifications for boreal forests which had been little affected by economic activity. The biogeocoenotic approach proved effective there. However, when literally applied to commercial forests, the biogeocoenotic approach sometimes failed to deliver satisfying results. The exponential shrinkage of natural forests and the increasing share of dynamic secondary growth brought about the need to reflect the time-related forest changes in classifications. The origins of the genetic approach can be found in the writings of G.F. Morozov. The first satisfactory geo-genetic forest classification was built by B.A. Ivashkevich. B.P. Kolesnikov provided the theoretical grounding and main postulates for the approach. According to B.P. Kolesnikov, a geographical and genetic classification means a classification based on the forest origin and evolution patterns which takes account of all the forest ecosystem stages and can be used to predict their future changes. Currently forest typology develops as an interdisciplinary science. It integrates forestry, geobotanics, forest taxation, soil sciences, biogeography, geology, and landscape ecology. A new methodology is being developed. It is a synthesis of forest ecology and synergetic. It uncovers new reserves for the forest science development.

The ecological indicator values are the most common and sufficiently effective method of habitat assessment. The aim of our research review is to analyze current studies from 2020 to 2022 in which researchers have used Ellenberg indicator values to address a variety of problems. We limited the study to papers that are published in journals indexed by Scopus and Web of Science. The total number of records examined was 358. The number of records selected was 98. Visualization of the distribution of studies by country is based on the GeoCharts library. The results revealed that about half of the studies were conducted in Germany and Poland, and the most common objects were forests and grasslands. Almost half of the studies were devoted to ecological niches, habitat analysis, assessment of vegetation dynamics, and influence of various factors on plants. The analyzed articles are actively cited. In general, our research analysis revealed the effectiveness of Ellenberg indicator values for solving a wide range of urgent problems for a variety of plant communities, and different climate zones. The results of our research confirmed the advisability of actively using this approach.

The elements concentration in soil and accumulation in plants growing spontaneously on an old copper slag dump were studied. The research object was a landfill site of the Polevskoy copper smelter (Middle Ural, Russia), which is about 200 years old. We investigated composite samples, consisting of soil blocks (20 x 20 cm) with growing plants. Samples were selected on a transect of 4-5 m at equal intervals. The composite sample was divided into slag fractions: stone, gravel, fine soil (particles smaller than 1 mm); plant fractions: moss and roots, stems and leaves. The microelement analysis of the samples was carried out at an analytical center of the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS. The analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry using Elan-9000 ICP mass-spectrometer. The formation of technogenic soil with a thickness of 10-15 cm on the dump of cast copper slag has begun two hundred years ago. Fine soil constitutes more than one third of the technogenic soil mass and acts as a sorption geochemical barrier. Fine soil accumulates elements mobilized from slag. The concentration of most elements in fine soil is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than their concentration in slag stone. Pb, Cd, Bi are particularly effectively retained in fine soil: their content is 700-1000 times higher than in slag stone. In the conditions of unlimited supply of elements released from slag, plant reaches the upper threshold of accumulation. The aboveground plant parts compared to litter (roots and moss) have a lower concentration of all elements, but they show the stronger ability to accumulate selenium.: industrial dump, heavy metals, technogenic soil, anthropogenic ecosystems, elements distribution.

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The metallurgical industry is one of the major pollution sources of natural ecosystems. Now the slag dumps of non-ferrous industries occupy huge areas all over the world. The purpose of this literature review was to assess the knowledge degree of the soils and vegetation formed on the non-ferrous metallurgy slag dumps. Most of the research was carried out for the dumps of the copper-smelting (including old dumps) and lead-zinc industries, the dumps of the nickel and aluminum industries have been studied to a lesser extent. The composition of non-ferrous metallurgy slags, the issues of soil pollution with heavy metals, their bioavailability were discussed. The influence of heavy pollution on the biodiversity of pioneer plant communities on the slag dumps of non-ferrous metallurgy and the floristic composition for abandoned copper ore deposits are noted. The experience of Russian scientists in the reclamation of an aluminum sludge dump and Chinese scientists in the reclamation of zinc production slag dumps are considered. The possibility of introducing waste from the copper smelting slag recycling waste into natural ecosystems was discussed. The analysis of literature revealed gaps in knowledge about the gradual formation of the soil and vegetation on man-made landscapes, about the plant biodiversity in conditions of heavy pollution, ways of their adaptation, and the heavy metals accumulation by different plant species.

АннотацияДля условно-коренных лесов Зауральской холмисто-предгорной провинции Среднего Урала выявлены особенности видовой структуры и продуктивности нижних ярусов как проявление адаптации к различным режимам увлажнения. Изучены три типа сосновых лесов (согласно принципам генетической типологии): брусничниковый, разнотравный, кустарничково-сфагновый. Пробные площади составляют обобщенный топоэкологический профиль. Видовой состав нижних ярусов изученных сосняков резко различается. Видовая насыщенность в экстремальных (периодически сухих и устойчиво сырых) и оптимальных (свежих, периодически влажных) местообитаниях отличается статистически достоверно, а увлажнение является значимым фактором. Продуктивность нижних ярусов поддерживается достаточно стабильной вне зависимости от условий увлажнения. Это свидетельствует о том, что адаптивная способность экосистем превосходит адаптивную способность отдельных видов растений. Для исследования механизмов поддержания продуктивности построены ранговые распределения надземной фитомассы травянистой растительности для трёх типов сосновых лесов. Выявлено, что при поддержании уровня продуктивности травяно-кустарничкового яруса статистически достоверное увеличение параметра β экспоненциальной апроксимирующих функции происходит при ухудшении условий увлажнения почв.Ключевые слова: тип леса, адаптация лесных экосистем, условно-коренной лес, биоразнообразие, фактор увлажнения, факторы среды, Средний Урал ВведениеИзменение климата признано самой насущной проблемой современности, от решения которой зависит будущее человечества [1, 2]. Глобальное потепление приводит к увеличению вероятности локальных и глобальных экологических кризисов; перестройке водного режима рек [3]; падению стабильности и регулирующих функций природных комплексов; снижению стабильности сельского и лесного хозяйства [4, 5].Большинство исследователей полагают, что изменение климата отразится на устойчивости и распространении видов, трансформирует биоразнообразие, структуру и функции экосистем [6][7][8].Важным фактором, определяющим устойчивость растений, является способность адаптироваться к условиям среды. Поэтому исследования по этой проблеме Н.С. ИВАНОВА, Е.С. ЗОЛОТОВА 294 Иванова Наталья Сергеевна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории популяционной биологии и динамики леса Ботанический сад УрО РАН ул. 8 марта, д. 202a, г.

Adaptation of plant communities is an important factor for maintaining their functioning and stability in changing conditions. The aim of our research is study of the effect of soil moisture regime on the species richness and biomass of the herb layer for old-growth coniferous forests in the Ural Mountains (Russia). The research has been carried out between 57° 00'N; 60° 15''E and 57° 05'N; 60° 25'E. The studied area is part of the Zauralsky hilly piedmont province, the Southern boreal forest region. Sample plots (0.25 hectares) were laid in pine forests growing in habitats with different moisture regimes: insufficient, optimal (stable), and excessive. The research was conducted in 2010. To determine the herb layer productivity, 10-20 subplots 1x1 m in size were laid on each sample plot. Data analysis is based on the One-way ANOVA and species abundance distributions. It has been established that species richness in extreme (insufficient and excessive soil moisture regime (Cowberry pine forest and Pine forest with shrubs and sphagnum) and optimal (stable) soil moisture regime (Multi-herb pine forest) were found to vary significantly, with soil moisture regime being a statistically significant factor. By contrast, herb layer biomass is maintained fairly stable regardless of the soil moisture regimes. ANOVA showed no significant differences between pine forests growing under different soil moisture regimes. It has been found that biomass is maintained by increasing of the dominant species contribution to the overall biomass and increasing of the approximation function graph slope. At the same time, the parameter β of exponential and power approximating functions is increased and can be considered as an indicator of influencing on forest ecosystems and a measure of their adaptation to insufficient and excessive soil moisture. Thus, species abundance distributions can be used as method to measure the effects of factors that determine forest ecosystem composition and functioning.