The authors have developed a consistent theory concerning the generation of a second harmonic when an electromagnetic wave is incident on a weakly inhomogeneous isotropic plasma, and have studied the dependence of the effect on plasma temperature. They point out the qualitative difference between the mechanisms of second harmonic generation in cases involving low and high temperatures and indicate the oscillatory nature of the intensity of second-harmonic emission. Attention is drawn to the strong enhancement of the effect when the density profile has inflection or extremum points. The influence of changes in density profile due to the high-frequency pressure of the incident wave on the generation of the second harmonic is discussed. The significance of second-harmonic generation in the laser-power heating problem is also discussed.

Abstract. VLF ground data from Porojarvi in N. Finland has been presented. Spectrograms reveal frequent occurrence of power line harmonic radiation (PLHR), originating from the Finnish power system and from heavy industrial plant. The radiation is seen to penetrate the magnetosphere since numerous occurrences of PLHR triggered emissions are seen. Risers predominate but fallers and hooks are also observed. A well-established 1D Vlasov simulation code has been used to simulate these emissions, using plausible magnetospheric data for a range of L values from L = 4 to L = 5.5. The code is able to reproduce risers fallers and hooks in close agreement with observations. The results shed considerable insight into the generation structure of both risers and fallers.

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Atmospheric electric fields, connected with the ionization of particles and plasma processes, occur in the fields of pressure gradients of mosaic mesh topology. Atmospheric aerosol particles play a significant role in the vortex generation. The Coriolis force and the motion of charged particles in the geomagnetic field lead to gyrotropy of the atmosphere and ionosphere. Occurrence of plasma vortices is stochastically determined for such an inhomogeneous gyrotropic medium. The geomagnetic field influences the change of structures of inhomogeneous media in the process of excitation of plasma vortices and their interaction. If colliding vortices are centered on the one geomagnetic line, the merge of vortices and the generation of a joint powerful vortex are possible. If a collision of vortices with centers at different geomagnetic field lines occurs, then the emergence of areas of heating and jet streams and the generation of new vortices are possible.

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