РезюмеЦель. Исследовать гистологическую структуру опухолей у рыб в дельте Волги и северной части Каспийского моря для оценки качества среды обитания гидробионтов. Материал и методы.Проанализированы новообразования, зарегистрированные у следующих представителей ихтиофауны: сельдичерноспинки, воблы, жереха, окуня, сазана, щуки, судака, сома и леща. Биологический материал отбирали во время специализированных научноисследовательских экспедиций в дельту Волги в апреле-октябре 2015-2018 гг. Обработку проб осуществляли в соответствии с общепринятыми в гистологии методиками. Результаты. Выявлено, что опухоли локализовались как на поверхности тела, так и во внутренних органах рыб. За период исследования у обследованных особей диагностированы следующие онкологические заболевания: аденокистома, базалиома, гепатоцеллюлярный рак, полипозный рак, рабдомиома, фибросаркома, фолликулома, эпидермальная папиллома. Самой распространенной патологией в популяции полупроходных, проходных и речных рыб являлась опухоль злокачественного характера -фибросаркома, зарегистрированная у шести из десяти обследованных видов ихтиофауны. Наиболее часто встречалась эпителиальная папиллома у сома. У красноперки проявления онкологических болезней не обнаружено. Заключение. Гистологический анализ новообразований, зарегистрированных у волжской ихтиофауны, показал, что ряд выявленных нарушений носят необратимый характер, что неминуемо приведет к снижению рыбных ресурсов и в целом указывает на экологическое неблагополучие среды обитания гидробионтов. Ключевые слова Новообразования, гистологическая структура, патологии, загрязняющие вещества, негативное влияние.© 2020 Авторы. Юг России: экология, развитие. Это статья открытого доступа в соответствии с условиями Creative Commons Attribution License, которая разрешает использование, распространение и воспроизведение на любом носителе при условии правильного цитирования оригинальной работы.
Volodina V., Karygina N., Popova O., Popova E., Grushko M., Fedorova N.: The status of parenchymatous organs of the Caspian seal Phoca caspica under the conditions of toxicant accumulation. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 230-242, 2018.The toxicological study conducted revealed high concentrations of hydrocarbons and highly toxic heavy metals in the liver and subcutaneous fat of the Caspian seal. The increased toxicant level in the fat, as compared to the liver, pointed to the disorder of organism purification processes, leading to chronic polytoxicosis and disorders of the histological structure of the internals. The studies of the morphofunctional state of the stomach of the Caspian pinnipeds revealed the following disorders: hemorrhages, edemata and necrosis of the mucous membrane, and replacement of glandular tissue with the connective tissue. The study of the small intestine of the seals identified the symptoms of catarrhal desquamatory enteritis. Epithelium dystrophy and desquamation were noted, in particular at the tops of the villi. Different types of colitis (acute, ulcerative, chronic) were found in the large intestine of the seals. Dystrophic and necrotic changes of hepatocytes were identified in the liver tissue, which pointed to the liver cell failure. The nature and extent of pathological changes in the internals and tissues of the studied animals point to the functional depression of the digestive system.
The paper presents monitoring of pathological changes in the microstructure of cells and tissues of fish organs living in the lower reaches of the Volga River due to the need to identify the consequences of the environmental impact of oil and gas production enterprises located in the Astrakhan region. There have been revealed the research results of studying the state of some Volga fish species in modern conditions of their habitat. A histological analysis of the organs and tissues of pike, asp and perch was carried out. In the course of studies it was found out that all fish species studied, especially pike, had encapsulated helminthic cysts in the muscles, gills and intestines. In the fish kidneys there have been found signs of nonspecific inflammatory reactions (microcirculatory disorders, alteration and proliferation of tissues) with a predominance of dystrophic and necrotic phenomena. Fatty degeneration of varying degrees of development was detected in the liver of fish; in addition, there were observed growing connective tissues and microcirculation disorders. In all organs of the fish studied, especially in the liver, hemosiderosis was found. Epithelial proliferation and goblet cell hypertrophy were detected in the gills and intestines.
Internal organs of black-backed shad are examined by histological analysis. Wide range of pathologies is found, which are supposedly caused by chronic environmental pollution. The pathologies of tissue and cellular levels have common features but various symptoms, as edema, hemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation, connective tissue proliferation, proliferative changes in the epithelium. The gills, liver; kidney, and intestines are the most sensitive to negative impacts of environments.
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