Volodina V., Karygina N., Popova O., Popova E., Grushko M., Fedorova N.: The status of parenchymatous organs of the Caspian seal Phoca caspica under the conditions of toxicant accumulation. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 230-242, 2018.The toxicological study conducted revealed high concentrations of hydrocarbons and highly toxic heavy metals in the liver and subcutaneous fat of the Caspian seal. The increased toxicant level in the fat, as compared to the liver, pointed to the disorder of organism purification processes, leading to chronic polytoxicosis and disorders of the histological structure of the internals. The studies of the morphofunctional state of the stomach of the Caspian pinnipeds revealed the following disorders: hemorrhages, edemata and necrosis of the mucous membrane, and replacement of glandular tissue with the connective tissue. The study of the small intestine of the seals identified the symptoms of catarrhal desquamatory enteritis. Epithelium dystrophy and desquamation were noted, in particular at the tops of the villi. Different types of colitis (acute, ulcerative, chronic) were found in the large intestine of the seals. Dystrophic and necrotic changes of hepatocytes were identified in the liver tissue, which pointed to the liver cell failure. The nature and extent of pathological changes in the internals and tissues of the studied animals point to the functional depression of the digestive system.
This paper systematizes and generalizes a research cycle devoted to studying the acoustics and vocal behaviour of silver foxes that differ in their tolerance to humans. The research revealed that 50-year selection for tameness toward people resulted in selective use by Tame foxes toward humans of two call types, pant and cackle. At the same time, the selected for aggression toward people Aggressive foxes and the non-selected for behaviour Control foxes, selectively use toward humans cough and snort. Thus, call types representing vocal indicators of friendly and aggressive behaviour of foxes toward humans have been revealed by the research. Nevertheless, experimental domestication did not change vocal behaviour of foxes toward conspecifics; all three strains did not differ by their vocal behaviour toward same-strain silver foxes. Relationship has been investigated between vocal behaviour and degree of tolerance toward people for hybrids between Tame and Aggressive foxes and for backcrosses to Tame and Aggressive foxes. Effect was estimated between fox sex and the degree of human impact on focal fox for variables of fox vocal behaviour. The research revealed the universal for mammals vocal indicators of emotional arousal that are independent of the emotional valence. Characteristics of vocal behaviour that are related with positive and negative emotional valence have been revealed. A simple and effective method for estimating animal discomfort based on "joint calls" that takes into account the characteristics of all calls irrespective of their acoustic structure has been revealed. The obtained results provide a basis for further comparative studies of the acoustic structure and vocal behaviour for other taxa of the genus Vulpes and the related canid genera (Canis, Cuon, Lycaon).Key words: experimental domestication of silver fox; vocal repertoire; communicative behaviour; emotional valence; human-animal interaction; emotional arousal; acoustic variation.Статья обобщает цикл исследований структуры звуков и вокаль-ного поведения серебристо-черных лисиц, различающихся по характеру реагирования на человека. Показано, что селекция в течение 50 лет на ручное поведение к человеку привела к из-бирательному использованию Ручными лисицами по отношению к людям двух типов звуков, кудахтанья и шумного дыхания. При этом селекционированные на агрессию к людям Агрессивные и не селекционированные Контрольные лисицы, в свою очередь, избирательно используют по отношению к людям такие звуки, как кашель и фырканье. Таким образом, выявлены типы звуков, явля-ющиеся вокальными индикаторами дружелюбного и агрессивного поведения лисиц по отношению к человеку. Однако доместика-ция не изменяет вокального поведения лисиц по отношению к другим лисицам, все три группы не различаются по вокальному поведению, адресованному конспецификам. Исследована связь вокального поведения со степенью толерантности по отношению к человеку у гибридов первого поколения от скрещивания между Ручными и Агрессивными лисицами и беккроссов на Ручных и Агрессивных лиси...
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