One of the effective methods of cleaning up water is an adsorption method. The adsorption treatment is effectively used as a post-treatment after using treatment chemicals precipitators. You can use natural porous carbon-containing materials as obtained sorbents, as industrial waste, or cheap carbon raw modified by humans: ash, fines coconut, peat, activated carbon, active clay, bio- and phyto-sorbents, agricultural wastes (rice, barley, wheat husk, nutshells, bagasse, etc.). In this regard, there is a question of finding cheap natural sorbents with a high adsorption capacity. In this article we studied the regularity of extraction of heavy metal cations Cu2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Fe3+ from aqueous solutions, using natural sorbents: husk cedar cones, pine nut meal, walnut partitions, pectin. Constancy of the concentration of heavy metal ions in the solution corresponds to the time of adsorption equilibrium (from 10 to 40 minutes). High adsorption capacity with respect to heavy metal ions showed pectin and proteinaceous materials. It is shown that the adsorption capacity of natural raw materials in relation to heavy metal ions increases by 20-30% due to modification of the surface of biosorbents. The degree of metals extraction from solution using a composition based on a peel cedar cones and pectin increases by 20-30% in comparison with pure husk of a cedar cone. According to the degree of extraction from the aqueous solution, metal ions are arranged in the row Fe3+>Co3+>Ni2+>Cu2+.
The process of adsorption of ions of heavy metals Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ from aqueous solutions with the mineral adsorbent burnt solid was investigated. Kinetic data on the adsorption process were obtained. Parameters of adsorption equilibrium using the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich equations have been calculated. The efficiency of extracting heavy metal ions upon modification of the adsorbent and in the area of low concentrations is shown.
The study aims to synthesize and examine the biological activity of mono- and binuclear platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes containing terminal and bridging nitrite ligands against the test cultures of Bacillus subtilis B4647, Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) F679, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, and Escherichia coli. Through the interaction of mononuclear platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes, dimeric complexes having nitrite ligands were synthesized. The composition and structure of these complexes were established using elemental analysis, conductometry, potentiometry, cryoscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. A way to coordinate nitrite ligands with the central atom was established. Antimicrobial and antifungal properties were evaluated according to the capability of the synthesized complexes to inhibit the activity of bacteria and fungi via diffusion in agar and in vitro dilution. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the complexes suppressing the visible growth of microorganisms and fungi, as well as exhibiting their bactericidal effect, ranged from 62.5–125 μmol/dm3. The obtained results revealed a high activity of the palladium (II) binuclear complex of the non-electrolytic type and the platinum (II) binuclear complex of the cationic type. Unlike mononuclear complexes, palladium and platinum binuclear complexes demonstrate higher antibacterial activity. Antibacterial effectiveness exhibited by the palladium complex of the non-electrolytic type against bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, as well as fungi Aspergillus niger, is more pronounced. The only exception is the antimicrobial activity of the palladium complex against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is comparable to that of the binuclear platinum complex of the cationic type. By changing the structure of the complex, the composition and charge of the inner sphere, the number of coordination centers, as well as the nature and denticity of ligands, it is possible to achieve a higher toxic effect of the complexes against bacteria and fungi.
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