The NE Fennoscandian Shield comprises the Northern Belt in Finland and the Southern Belt in Karelia. They host mafic-ultramafic layered Cu-Ni-Cr and Pt-Pd-bearing intrusions. Precise U-Pb and Sm-Nd analyses indicate the 130-Ma evolution of these intrusions, with major events at 2.53, 2.50, 2.45, and 2.40 Ga. Barren phases were dated at 2.53 Ga for orthopyroxenites and olivine gabbro in the Fedorovo-Pansky massif. PGE-bearing phases of gabbronorites (Pechenga, Fedorovo-Pansky, Monchetundra massifs) and norites (Monchepluton) are 2.50 Ga old. Anorthosites of Mt. Generalskaya (Pechenga), the Fedorovo-Pansky, and Monchetundra massifs occurred at 2.45 Ga. This event produced layered PGE-bearing intrusions in Finland (Penikat, Kemi, Koitelainen) and mafic intrusions in Karelia. The Imandra lopolith dikes occurred at the final phase (2.40 Ga). Slightly negative εNd and ISr values (0.703–0.704) suggest that intrusions originated from an enriched mantle reservoir. Low 3He/4He ratios in accessory minerals (ilmenite and magnetite) indicate an upper mantle source. Large-scale correlations link the Fennoscandian Shield with the Superior and Wyoming cratons.
The article shows that in recent decades the phenomenon of inflation has turned mainly from monetary phenomenon mainly into non-monetary. Applied calculations fully confirm this conclusion in relation to Russia. The dependence of inflation on non-monetary factors requires the development of new approaches to its modeling and forecasting. The calculations and analysis have shown the emerging transition from monoinstrumental model complexes to poly-instrumental analytical systems and the shift in potential inflation volatility into the area of short-term fluctuations. Thus, the focus in inflation modeling is shifting towards short-term forecasts. This is an independent instrumental problem. The authors propose a specialized system of inflation forecasting, which includes a decision-maker, an analytical core (a conjugate econometric model and a neural network) and an analytical interface (a system of accounting for threshold non-monetary events and a system of accounting for the volatility of inflation factors). A list of threshold events and a decisionmaking algorithm to adjust the model based on it with the help of the introduced indices of importance of events estimated the basis of an expert survey and the index of the inflationary potential of the environment are proposed in this article.
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