Modern domestic and international standards, regulators of the aviation fuel industry, considering the negative impact of the presence of mechanical impurities and water in aviation fuel on the performance and life cycle of aircraft engines, fuel metering equipment, fuel systems of aircraft (A/C), as a threat factor for flight safety, impose high requirements for the purity of aviation fuel while operating aeronautical equipment. At the same time, the causes and sources of water content in jet fuel are a source of economic losses, the most important criterion for the success of the Aerodrome Fueling Complex business. The article considers the task of developing reliable and automated methods as well as technologies for controlling these contaminants, for example for determining water content in aviation fuel when refueling aircraft, and the necessity to minimize an effect of a human factor. The automation of aviation fuel quality monitoring processes, the transition from discrete control methods to continuous ones, from static control methods to dynamic ones (in-line), from indirect methods to direct ones are becoming relevant. The possibilities of end-to-end accounting and analysis of aviation fuel purity parameters at all stages of the aviation fuel life cycle are shown. The article considers the methods and conducts the analysis of known techniques and devices used to determine, measure and indicate actual water content, presence of dissolved, free and total water in jet fuel. The technical solution of continuous automated control of the actual water content level of the jet fuel flow in the processes of aviation fuel supply and aircraft refueling in an information system that provides on-line monitoring and dynamic measurement of the quantitative content of dissolved and free water in the jet fuel flow, is presented. The technical solution for the continuous determination of the quantitative water content in the jet fuel stream is proposed. At the same time, the solution of the problem of monitoring water content in jet fuel is combined with the technological process to control the purification of jet fuel from water. The paper represents an adaptive information management system for continuous monitoring of the water content level of the jet fuel flow, which will allow specialist to substantially increase a level of automatization of aircraft aviation fuel supply technological processes, decrease a negative impact of a human factor, increase economic effectiveness of the aviation fuel supply complex. The system is designed to carry out continuous, automated control (monitoring) of water content in the jet fuel flow at all the stages of the jet fuel movement: receiving, storing and delivering jet fuel and refueling aircraft, in particular fuel and lubricants warehouses (fuel and lubricants), refueling complexes and pre-apron filling points. It can also be used in the fuel system of the aircraft, as a system to prevent water content in the jet fuel. The integration of automation tools will enable us to improve...

For the rational and sustainable forest use, some representative (reference) areas of ecosystems being high conservation value forests within the leasing estate of Tolshmenskoe, LLC, were selected. After that, the monitoring study for the assessment of the forest breeding, environmental and medium stabilizing functions and the reproduction capacity of the preserved forest ecosystems was carried out. Within the ecosystems, six sample sites were drawn and the survey based on the standard forest ecology methods was performed. The objects of the study (sample sites) were shaped to cover the maximum of all types of forest communities available at the leasing estate. Generally, the monitoring observation showed that the arboreal plants growing in the studied sample sites featured high resistance. The forest formation process is continuous but requires some silvicultural practices, such as appropriate care to stimulate the domination of the economically valuable wood species.

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1Московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации, г. Москва, Россия, 2 ЗАО «Топливо-заправочный сервис» Внуково, г. Москва, Россия В настоящее время особое внимание уделяется качеству заправляемого в воздушные суда топлива как од-ной из составляющих безопасности полетов для обеспечения безотказной работы топливной системы. Существу-ющая система контроля качества включает периодический отбор проб авиатоплива в тару с последующим их кон-тролем по нормируемым показателям качества, которые не выявляют возможных причин ухудшения этих показа-телей для их устранения в последующей эксплуатации и не выявляют факторы возникновения источников загряз-нения авиатоплив. Система контроля в основном обеспечивает проведение мероприятий по сохранению качества авиатоплив и безопасность полетов обслуживаемых авиакомпаний гражданской авиации на современном уровне в соответствии с нормативными требованиями. В статье на основании теоретических исследований каскадной филь-трации механических примесей разработана математическая модель расчета параметров индикаторных фильтру-ющих перегородок. Рассчитанные с помощью математической модели поры индикаторных фильтрующих перего-родок были экспериментально проверены на прокачном стенде и показали хорошую сходимость расчетных и экс-периментальных результатов. Применение каскадной фильтрации топлива с различными параметрами индикатор-ных перегородок позволило разработать устройство мониторинга чистоты топлива, позволяющее осуществлять непрерывный (встроенный) контроль уровня загрязнения потока рабочей жидкости в различных точках технологи-ческого оборудования (например, после насоса, на входе и выходе резервуаров и агрегатов, на выходе фильтра и т. д.) и осуществлять функциональную диагностику состояния агрегатов технологического оборудования путем контроля изменения параметров частиц и мест возникновения износа.Ключевые слова: индикаторная перегородка, каскадная фильтрация, непрерывный мониторинг чистоты топлива, устройство непрерывного мониторинга. ВВЕДЕНИЕОбеспечение безопасности полетов остается и в настоящее время одной из важнейших проблем. С целью оценки влияния на безопасность полетов качества очистки авиатоплива авторами работы выполнен анализ статистических данных об инцидентах, авариях и катастрофах с ВС коммерческой ГА РФ в период с 1990 по 2016 год, учтенных в базе данных Автоматизированной системы обеспечения «Безопасность полетов» (АСО БП) по коду «028 топливная система» [1].Проведенный анализ показал, что причиной отказов авиадвигателей (20,5 %) является загрязнение авиатоплива механическими примесями (рис. 1).Наличие в авиатопливе механических примесей (26 событий) и воды (29 событий) может быть подтверждением недостатков методов обеспечения качества очистки авиатоплива. Собы-тия, отнесенные к действию факторов, обозначенных такими неопределенными терминами, как «некондиционность авиатоплива» (34 события) и «несоответствие авиатоплива ТУ» (3 собы-тия), не могут не включать в себя события, обусловленные наличием механических примесей и воды. Таким обр...

The article shows the analysis results of the vitality and sustainability of the plantings having introduced species in their composition in specially protected natural areas of the south taiga zone (Vologda region). The research purpose is to summarize the available information and carry out the silvicultural assessment of long-term introduction to the plantings in these territories. The species composition is revealed and the sanitary and decorative state of tree and shrub vegetation is estimated. The research objects were the plantings growing in the following parks: Arboretum in Ustyuzhna, Old Park in the settlement of Danilovskoye, Old Park in the settlement of Mozhaiskoye, and Old Park in the village of Kurkino. It was found that the species composition of the suited specially protected natural areas is represented by 34 tree and shrub species: 4 coniferous tree species, 16 deciduous tree species, and 14 species of shrubs. The share of introduced species, in the whole, for all the objects under study is more than 60 %. During the recordings, 12 types of damage were found. According to the degree of influence they were divided into 3 groups: significantly reducing the stability in the plantings (18 % of the total number of damaged trees), reducing the decorative effect (38 %), and reducing the sanitary state of wood species (44 %). In order to improve the sanitary state of the plantings, to ensure that the plantings perform their target functions, and to reduce the economic damage caused by negative anthropogenic factors, it is necessary to take sanitary and recreational measures such as removing dangerous, drying and dead trees. Valuable plants (those of old age or having historical value) were selected; certification of valuable trees was carried out. The biological diversity of tree and shrub vegetation was estimated through determining biodiversity indices. The relationship between the forest stand composition and its resistance to negative environmental factors was revealed. The results of the research can be used by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in planning and organizing the works on arranging protection forests, including urban green zones.