We have been studying the grain productivity and quality of 22 new winter wheat varieties during three years under North Ukrainian Steppe conditions. These 22 winter wheat varieties and control (national standard by grain productivity variety Podolyanka) were investigated regarding their interactions with environmental conditions by agronomic-value traits like as general grain productivity, components of one, protein and gluten content, developing relations between once (correlation relations), which determining wheat quality and yield in a complex. Two high-adaptive varieties Divo and Matrix, which provides us higher than standard grain yield in complex with higher or proper protein and gluten content were developed. Two factors permanently influenced on grain productivity (conditions of the year and genotype), while only one (genotype) determined the protein content of grains. We used the weight of thousand grains as an integrative parameter of the yield structure for all productive varieties, with no regards to yield formation.
The analysis of cytogenetic activity is a key component in determining prospects of future hereditary variability after, subject to a certain mutagenic factor, primarily identifying the significance of the genotype-mutagenic interaction, the correctness of the selected concentrations for more thorough screening of some development parameters. Winter wheat seeds of eight varieties (Balaton, Borovytsia, Zeleny Gai, Zoloto Ukrainy, Kalancha, Niva Odeska, Polyanka, Pochayna) were subjected to ЕМS (ethylmethansulfonate) at the concentrations of 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.10% The exposure lasted for 24 hours. Cytogenetic analysis was carried out for pollen fertility; we also examined the rates and spectras of chromosomal rebuildings in proper cell devision phases in relation to plant gcnotype and concentration of the mutagen. The experiment was aimed at identification of interrection between geotype, concentration of mutagen and mutagen nature, determining genome response to mutagen action. Such indicators of cytogenetic activity as the total rate of chromosomal abnormalities, fragments and double fragments, single and double bridges, micronucleus and lagging chromosomes were studied. The selected concentrations of the mutagen significantly influenced all the analyzed parameters, they can be attributed to the optimal and high range of concentrations according to the nature of the impact on bread wheat. We determined that in the case of the mutagenic action, the genotype had a significantly lesser effect on the nature and rate of individual aberrations than an increase in the concentration, while having a significant effect on the rate of increase in pollen sterility. The mutagen was characterized by a significantly lower site-specificity at the cellular level than other chemical supermutagens, manifesting only in the correlation between individual types of aberrations, but not in the character of the increase in their number. The key parameter to identify the activity of this agent was the frequency of fragments and double fragments, their ratio with bridges.
The purpose. To study properties of grain of hybrid of corn Orzhitsa 237 MV and action of ferments antioxidant protection for detection of aftereffects of treatment of sowings with selective herbicides Kharnes, Proponit, Master and Stellar. Methods. Activity of superoxide scavenger (SOD; KF 1.15.1.1) was determined according to the level of retardation of regenerative process of nitrosine tetrazolium at presence of nicotinamidine nucleotide and phenazine methasulphate. Catalase activity was determined by titrometric method with solution of potassium permanganate after incubation of supernatant during 30 minutes at 25°С with hydrogen superoxide and it was expressed in mM of Н 2 О 2 / min g of crude mass. Content of GSH and activity of glutathione-S-transferase was determined according to practical standard. Results. After-effect of herbicidal treatment on the dead-ripe grain of hybrid of corn Orzhitsa 237 MV is probed. Lower mass of seeds and content of water-soluble proteins depending on individual properties of herbicides is fixed. There were also determined different direction changes in activity of anti-oxidant ferments. Conclusions. The determined morphological and metabolic changes can be evaluated as development of after-effect of herbicides: aberration from control indexes of seeds, caused by action of herbicides, points out to aggravation of yield of probed hybrid. Results of investigation specify expediency of testing perspective hybrids also on responsivity to herbicides with different mechanisms of action.
Мета статті - встановлення межі мінливості основних параметрів врожайності та якості зерна 14 сортів пшениці м’якої озимої в умовах Півночі Степу України. Методика дослідження. Визначення в польових умовах врожайності та параметрів її структури, лабораторний аналіз відсоткового вмісту вологи, білка та клейковини. Результати дослідження. Одержано дані щодо двох можливостей у формуванні високого врожаю в наших умовах – за рахунок вищої продуктивної кущистості, або за рахунок підвищення зернової продуктивності головного колосу. При першому механізмі також отримано зерно високої якості (достатній вміст білку та клейковини). За врожайністю тa якістю зерна в комплексі виділені сорти Каланча та Золото України, за врожайністю сорт Нива Одеська, за вмістом білку та клейковини сорти Вінок Поділля, Полянка, Зелений Гай (з котрих останні два не поступалися стандарту за продуктивністю), за вмістом клейковини сорт Балатон. Елементи наукової новизни. Набули подальшого розвитку спроби щодо можливостей формування основних агрономічно-цінних ознак. Виявлено нові цінні донори цих ознак для селекційних досліджень. Практична значущість. Встановлені шляхи формування врожайності та її характерні ознаки, якість генотипів пшениці озимої м’якої. The purpose of the article was to identify the variability limits of the main yield and grain quality parameters of 14 soft winter wheat varieties under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods of research are defining yield and parameters of its structure, laboratory analysis of moisture, protein and gluten percentage content in field conditions. The research results. Data about two possibilities of high grain yield formation under our conditions at the expense of higher productive tillering capacity or higher grain productivity of the main spike have been obtained. During the first process grain of high quality (sufficient content of protein and gluten) has been received too. As to the yield and grain quality in complex, the varieties Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy, as to the yield, the variety Nyva Odeska, as to the content of protein and gluten the varieties Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai (from which the latter two were not inferior concerning the standard by grain productivity), as to the gluten content the variety Balaton have been selected. The elements of scientific novelty. Further development of the idea about the possibilities of forming basic agronomic-valuable signs has been discovered. New valuable donors of these signs for breeding research have been revealed. Practical value. The ways of yield formation and its key characteristics, and also the quality of soft winter wheat genotypes have been established. Key words: winter wheat, yield, variety, grain quality. Statement of the problem. The analysis of separate genotypes, as well as procedures of selecting promising genotypes, are becoming more and more localized and require more careful and deep investigation under the specific conditions of a particular region. First of all, it refers to such signs as quality, the presence of certain nutritionally valuable components, genetically stipulated resistance to diseases and pests to eliminate the pesticide loading. More and more attention is being paid not to increasing grain yield as such, but to reducing the cost of cultivation technology due to variety properties, reducing the anthropogenic loading, obtaining more valuable products. Considering the possibility of raising these parameters, it can even lead to reducing the yields (but not quality). The purpose of the research was to establish the limits of main yield and grain quality parameters’ variability of 14 soft winter wheat varieties under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine and demonstrate higher adaptive genotypes by individual signs and in the complex of economically-valuable signs. The research task was to analyze yields and their structure of 14 soft winter wheat varieties, as compared with the standard, investigate quality parameters, establish the variability limits of these signs, identify better samples according to separate properties and the complex of such properties under the regional conditions. Materials and methods of research. Experiments were carried out on the experimental fields of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University. 14 winter wheat varieties have been analyzed. Podolianka was used as the standard variety. The evaluation of the total grain yield per area was calculated from 2016 to 2018. The testing of winter wheat varieties was set up in three replications and on the area of 1.5 m2. Data on yield structure components were taken from 0.25 randomly selected plots of each variety. Protein, gluten and water content of the samples were measured by Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (Spektran-IT). Triplicate data of each sample were averaged. Mathematical processing of the results was conducted by the method of variance analysis, student's t-test, and cluster analyses. The research results. By the parameter of the number of productive stems per m2 such varieties as Vinok Podillia and Zoloto Ukrainy exceeded the standard, as to the number of grains on the main spike it was Balaton, that exeeded. The weight of grain on the main spike in Talisman, Pochaina, Zelenyi Hai varieties was higher, the weight of grain per m2 in Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy varieties exceeded the standard. The yield was higher regarding higher tillering capacity, rather than the increase in the productivity of the main spike for the varieties Zoloto Ukrainy and Kalancha, but for Nyva Odeska variety, usually, the reverse mechanism of yield formation is characteristic not at the expense of a greater number of productive spikes, but because of higher grain productivity of the main spike. High yield is characteristic for such varieties as Kalancha, Zoloto Ukrainy, Nyva Odeska (this index is higher than the standard). Concerning the percentage of grain in the total yield, many varieties have been identified, which indicates their predominantly intensive nature. As a result of cluster analysis, the varieties were divided into three groups. The first group included the varieties that constantly have higher yields than the standard (Kalancha, Zoloto Ukrainy, Nyva Odeska). The second group included the varieties with yields at the level of Podolianka standard (Balaton, Borovytsia, Talisman, Polianka, Pochaina, Zelenyi Hai). The third group included the varieties Vinok Podillia, Zdoba Kyivska, Nasnaha, Vykhovanka Odeska, Nastia, which showed significantly lower yields during all the years. By the parameter of protein content in grain we can distinguish such varieties as Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai. However, Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy varieties have the quality at the level of Podolianka and requirements for strong wheat. The variety Kalancha has higher protein content than the standard. Conclusion. Thus, concerning the set of grain quality signs and yields, the varieties Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy were distinguished as the most suitable for our region; concerning the yield it was Nyva Odeska variety, but it had significantly worse quality indices. As to the content of protein and gluten such varieties as Vinok Podillia, Polianka, Zelenyi Hai were distinguished; by the content of gluten Balaton variety was chosen. Under our conditions, high grain yield can be formed either at the expense of high productive tillering capacity (Kalancha and Zoloto Ukrainy), or due to high grain productivity of the main spike (Nyva Odeska). No other possibilities were detected. Depending on this, the key parameters were either the number of productive stems per m2 and the weight of grain per m2, or the weight of grain from the main spike.
Research on studying the features of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.50% epimutagen Triton-X-305 impact at the cellular level, which means the way of identifying the viability of pollen in plants of the first generation, and cytological analysis of chromosomal aberrations in the cells of the primary meristem of germinal roots during germination of bread winter wheat seeds have been conducted. Research in this direction allows us to significantly improve the monitoring of same type of substances in the environment and to forecast the nature of their action at the DNA-level. Genotypes Podolyanka and Spivanka created by Ukrainian selection and varieties of French selection Altigo, Courtot, Lyrik, Flamenko have been studied. These genotypes were selected in order to characterize possible genotype-mutagenic interactions for a compound of complex hereditary pattern for a range of concentrations with maximum contrast taking into account the possible high site-specific effect. The main purpose of this research was to identify the specificity of impact of the agent Triton X-305 at the cellular level and identify parameters fully showing the effect of this substance on the subsequent induction of biodiversity and the enhancement of hereditary variability at the cellular level. Such indicators as pollen sterility effected by various concentrations, the total frequency of chromosomal rearrangements, the spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements, including fragments and double fragments, single and double bridges, micronuclei and lagging chromosomes have been investigated. The ratio of fragments to bridges as an indicator of the active factor nature, the number of cells with two or more rearrangements as an indicator of genetic toxicity of this substance has been established. As a result, a significantly weaker effect of the epimutagen on the overall frequency of chromosomal rearrangement has been shown unlike other factors of a mutagenic nature, at the same time changing the ratio of the obtained aberrations in favour of micronuclei and lagging chromosomes. In addition, other parameters are determined as more meaningful for identifying a specific agent of impact, and the differences in concentrations are less contrasting. There is also a less significantly decreasing fertility, however, this parameter is highly dependent on the source material. In the future, we intend to assess the variability, primarily of a hereditary nature, by the way of a visual analysis of the obtained material in subsequent generations, as well as through biochemical analysis, yield qualities analysis and morphometry of the obtained material.
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