Introduction. The article deals with lexical means of expressing the category of locativity, the latter to serve a basic concept of space. Descriptions of locative parts of speech in typological works analyzing different languages make it possible to consider lexical semantic groups of locative nouns in Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat and Kalmyk. Goals. So, the study aims at describing lexical semantic groups of locative nouns in the mentioned Mongolic languages. Materials. The work examines various dictionaries of the Mongolic languages, literary and journalistic texts included into the available corpora of the languages. Results. Our insights show that Mongolic nouns may serve as various tools to express locativity meanings. The paper distinguishes a total of four key lexical semantic groups of the considered nouns: 1) types of surface, cardinal points, types of landscape; 2) names of countries, regions, cities, streets, squares; 3) structures, buildings, dwellings; 4) transport. In Mongolic languages, the analyzed vocabulary is represented by a wide range of lexemes. Different use patterns, absence or presence of certain lexemes in the languages under consideration has been noted. Conclusions. Analysis of the identified lexical semantic groups of locative nouns shows a variety of meanings in different combinations, as well as peculiarities of their use in related Mongolic languages. Nouns employed to refer to parts of the world, types of landscape, earth’s surface, countries and cities constitute quite a diverse layer of vocabulary too.
Introduction. The article deals with key lexical and morphological means of expressing the spatial concept of proximity in Mongolic languages. Such lexical means include adjectives, adverbs and verbs, while morphological ones are case forms and postpositions. Goals. The study aims to describe key linguistic means of expressing the concept of proximity in Mongolic languages. Materials. The work analyzes Mongolic dictionary entries and texts contained in national corpora of the examined languages. Results. The analysis shows there are multi-level linguistic means of expressing the concept ‘proximity’, all lexical and morphological tools being presented in static and dynamic locative situations. Adjectives in attributive constructs, spatial adverbs, verbs that initially comprise some spatial semantics are widely used to express the meaning of being, moving nearby, or approaching. For example, the meaning of staying near a certain object can be conveyed by static localization verbs, while the direction of movement towards the object, approaching a landmark can be conveyed by dynamic localization verbs. The grammatical expressive means traced are case forms and postpositions which are also used in various types of contexts (location, orientation towards a landmark, movement in a neutral direction). Semantics of postpositions, in contrast to case forms, is certain enough. Postpositions with the meaning ‘proximity’ cluster together to form the most numerous group in Mongolic languages. Conclusions. The conducted analysis attests to a variety of expressive means pertaining to the concept ‘proximity’ and reveals peculiarities of their use in related Mongolic languages. The examined language expressive means are of significant interest for semantic typology at large.
В статье анализируется функционирование калмыцкого языка в сфере образования Республики Калмыкия. В настоящее время в республике наблюдается низкий уровень владения родным языком как молодежью, так и представителями старшего поколения. После реабилитации народа и восстановления его национальной автономии началась активная работа по восстановлению, возрождению калмыцкого языка (создание учебников, национальных классов, повышение квалификации учителей и т.д.). Но с 1970-х годов сфера применения родного языка стала сужаться. Лишь в 1990-е годы калмыцкий язык приобрел статус государственного, наряду с русским языком. Но фактически функции государственного языка выполняет только русский язык. В данный момент доминирующим источником изучения калмыцкого языка являются образовательные учреждения республики, объединенные в национально-региональную систему образования. Создаются различные программы, учебники и учебные пособия, ежегодно проводятся олимпиады по калмыцкому языку, организуются курсы по изучению калмыцкого языка. Интересы языкового и этнокультурного самосохранения, развития для калмыцкого народа являются важными для самоидентификации. Возрождение их не только укрепит национальный дух и самосознание народа, но и придаст еще большую уверенность нынешнему поколению в завтрашнем дне. Языковая ситуация в Калмыкии требует объединения усилий государственной власти, ученых, общественности, а также каждой семьи в деле сохранения калмыцкого языка.
Introduction. The article examines spatial uses of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. The semantic system of postpositions that form postpositional constructions comprises a complex area of various relations. A remarkable place in the Mongolic languages is occupied by spatial meanings of postpositions, the postposition деер being a most common and productive one therein. Goals. The research aims to describe spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. Materials. The work analyzes data selected from various dictionaries, literary and journalistic texts included in the National Corpus of the Kalmyk Language, Kalmyk National Corpus, and the Kalmyk Digital Library. Results. This postposition is mentioned in all dictionaries of Mongolic languages and is a most common and productive lexical unit. It expresses a wide variety of relations resulting from its syntactic ties: spatial, temporal, comitative, target, and quantitative-restrictive values. Along with concrete, real relations this postposition in various speech situations acquires additional, sometimes very abstract meanings based its core seme. The spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language are considered in detail. In addition to its main meaning — location or movement on the surface — this postposition indicates movement or performing an action over the surface of an object without reaching contact, in close vicinity, near a landmark, and also shows the direction of action. This postposition can express ‘event space’. Conclusions. The analysis of spatial relations expressed by the postposition деер shows a variety of transmitted meanings in various speech situations, as well as features of its use in the Kalmyk language.
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