Образы мужчины и женщины в калмыцкой языковой картине мира (на материале паремий) © Есенова Тамара Саранговна доктор филологических наук, профессор, Калмыцкий государственный университет имени Б. Б. Городовикова Россия, 358000, г. Элиста, ул. Пушкина, 11
Introduction. The article deals with key lexical and morphological means of expressing the spatial concept of proximity in Mongolic languages. Such lexical means include adjectives, adverbs and verbs, while morphological ones are case forms and postpositions. Goals. The study aims to describe key linguistic means of expressing the concept of proximity in Mongolic languages. Materials. The work analyzes Mongolic dictionary entries and texts contained in national corpora of the examined languages. Results. The analysis shows there are multi-level linguistic means of expressing the concept ‘proximity’, all lexical and morphological tools being presented in static and dynamic locative situations. Adjectives in attributive constructs, spatial adverbs, verbs that initially comprise some spatial semantics are widely used to express the meaning of being, moving nearby, or approaching. For example, the meaning of staying near a certain object can be conveyed by static localization verbs, while the direction of movement towards the object, approaching a landmark can be conveyed by dynamic localization verbs. The grammatical expressive means traced are case forms and postpositions which are also used in various types of contexts (location, orientation towards a landmark, movement in a neutral direction). Semantics of postpositions, in contrast to case forms, is certain enough. Postpositions with the meaning ‘proximity’ cluster together to form the most numerous group in Mongolic languages. Conclusions. The conducted analysis attests to a variety of expressive means pertaining to the concept ‘proximity’ and reveals peculiarities of their use in related Mongolic languages. The examined language expressive means are of significant interest for semantic typology at large.
В статье анализируется функционирование калмыцкого языка в сфере образования Республики Калмыкия. В настоящее время в республике наблюдается низкий уровень владения родным языком как молодежью, так и представителями старшего поколения. После реабилитации народа и восстановления его национальной автономии началась активная работа по восстановлению, возрождению калмыцкого языка (создание учебников, национальных классов, повышение квалификации учителей и т.д.). Но с 1970-х годов сфера применения родного языка стала сужаться. Лишь в 1990-е годы калмыцкий язык приобрел статус государственного, наряду с русским языком. Но фактически функции государственного языка выполняет только русский язык. В данный момент доминирующим источником изучения калмыцкого языка являются образовательные учреждения республики, объединенные в национально-региональную систему образования. Создаются различные программы, учебники и учебные пособия, ежегодно проводятся олимпиады по калмыцкому языку, организуются курсы по изучению калмыцкого языка. Интересы языкового и этнокультурного самосохранения, развития для калмыцкого народа являются важными для самоидентификации. Возрождение их не только укрепит национальный дух и самосознание народа, но и придаст еще большую уверенность нынешнему поколению в завтрашнем дне. Языковая ситуация в Калмыкии требует объединения усилий государственной власти, ученых, общественности, а также каждой семьи в деле сохранения калмыцкого языка.
Introduction. This article is devoted to the semantics of postpositions with the meaning ‘between’ and ‘among’ in the Mongolian languages. Currently, the scholars are increasingly paying attention to studies of the spatial characteristics of various languages, andpostpositions are one of the means of expressing spatial relations. The meaning of ’space between the elements of a set or set serving as a reference point’ is conveyed by the localization INTER. The present study aims to describe postpositions with the meaning ‘between’ and‘among’ in the Mongolian languages. The research material was the data borrowed from various Mongolian dictionaries, literary and journalistic texts available in the Kalmyk National Corpus and the Kalmyk Electronic Library. Results. The meaning ‘between’ and‘among’ is often conveyed with the help of such postpositions as hoorond / hoorondo / hooronda / hoornd, dund / dunda / dunda / dund, zabharta / zaagta / zaagt, dunduur / dunduur / dundahuur / dundahur, dundaas / dundahaa / dundaasa / dundas, etc. Depending on the context, they may have their own peculiarities of use. The localization indicates ‘being between landmarks’, ‘moving into the space between landmarks’, and ‘moving out of the space between landmarks’. The meaning ‘being in the space between or among landmarks’ is related to the shape, uniformity of objects, as well as the distance between landmarks, while‘movement into space’ is characterized by directionality and non-directionality of action. Conclusion. The analysis of the postpositions in questionshows a variety of their meanings in various speech contexts, as well as peculiarities of their use in related Mongolian languages.
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