Karyotypes of species sects. Linum and Adenolinum have been studied using C/DAPI-banding, Ag-NOR staining, FISH with 5S and 26S rDNA and RAPD analysis. C/DAPI-banding patterns enabled identification of all homologous chromosome pairs in the studied karyotypes. The revealed high similarity between species L. grandiflorum (2n = 16) and L. decumbens by chromosome and molecular markers proved their close genome relationship and identified the chromosome number in L. decumbens as 2n = 16. The similarity found for C/DAPI-banding patterns between species with the same chromosome numbers corresponds with the results obtained by RAPD-analysis, showing clusterization of 16-, 18- and 30-chromosome species into three separate groups. 5S rDNA and 26S rDNA were co-localized in NOR-chromosome 1 in the genomes of all species investigated. In 30-chromosome species, there were three separate 5S rDNA sites in chromosomes 3, 8 and 13. In 16-chromosome species, a separate 5S rDNA site was also located in chromosome 3, whereas in 18-chromosome species it was found in the long arm of NOR-chromosome 1. Thus, the difference in localization of rDNA sites in species with 2n = 16, 2n = 30 and 2n = 18 confirms taxonomists opinion, who attributed these species to different sects. Linum and Adenolinum, respectively. The obtained results suggest that species with 2n = 16, 2n = 18 and 2n = 30 originated from a 16-chromosome ancestor.

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The kinetics of the self-reaction of cyclopentadienyl radicals (c-C5H5) was studied by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy. Overall rate constants were obtained in direct real-time experiments in the temperature region 304-600 K and at bath gas densities of (3.00-12.0) × 10(16) molecules cm(-3). The room-temperature value of the rate constant, (3.98 ± 0.41) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), is significantly higher than the rate constants for most hydrocarbon radical-radical reactions and coincides with the estimated collision rate. The observed overall c-C5H5 + c-C5H5 rate constant demonstrates an unprecedented strong negative temperature dependence: k1 = 2.9 × 10(-12) exp(+1489 K/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), with estimated uncertainty increasing with temperature, from 13% at 304 to 32% at 600 K. Formation of C10H10 as the primary product of cyclopentadienyl self-reaction was observed. In additional experiments performed at the temperature of 800 K, formation of C10H10, C10H9, and C10H8 was observed. Final product analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detected two isomers of C10H8 at 800 K: naphthalene (major) and azulene (minor).

The phase shift upon transmission of a nonabsorbing multilayer is shown to be a monotonically decreasing function of the wave number, with an average slope proportional to the optical thickness of the coating. Two limiting situations of the phase shift upon reflection are examined: In one the phase monotonically increases with wavelength, and in the other the phase oscillates. The phase shift upon reflection is derivable from Kramers-Kronig-type relationships, provided the radiant reflectance and the Blaschke factors are known. Characteristic features of the refractive-index profile related to these factors are discussed.

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BackgroundSuccessful automated chromosome analysis requires the development of new techniques to increase and standardize chromosome length and improve banding patterns.MethodsHuman and plant cells were pretreated with the DNA intercalator 9‐aminoacridine (9‐AMA), and chromosomes were stained with GTG and aceto‐orcein banding techniques and investigated by an image analysis system.ResultsThe human optimal chromosome spreads with the 850 G‐band resolution level, suitable for image analysis, were obtained by 9‐AMA pretreatment for 1 h at a final concentration of 0.5–1 μg/ml, as compared with 600–700 bands after ethidium bromide treatment and about 400 bands without pretreatment. The best results for plant chromosomes were obtained after pretreatment with 1–2 μg/ml of 9‐AMA for 12–24 h. The chromosomes elongated approximately 1.5‐fold, and the resolution of chromosome banding patterns increased, reaching approximately 140 bands per haploid set in the case of camomile.Conclusions9‐AMA is an efficient reagent for the standardization and increasing the resolution of chromosome banding patterns in human and plant chromosomes. It is extremely important for chromosome investigation in small plants. Cytometry Part A 51A:52–57, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The reaction of C-C bond scission in polyethylene chains of various lengths was studied using molecular dynamics under the conditions of vacuum and condensed phase (polymer melt). A method of assigning meaningful rate constant values to condensed-phase bond scission reactions based on a kinetic mechanism accounting for dissociation, reverse recombination, and diffusional separation of fragments was developed. The developed method accounts for such condensed-phase phenomena as cage effects and diffusion of the decay products away from the reaction site. The results of C-C scission simulations indicate that per-bond rate constants decrease by an order of magnitude as the density of the system increases from vacuum to the normal density of a polyethylene melt. Additional calculations were performed to study the dependence of the rate constant on the length of the polymer chain under the conditions of the condensed phase. The calculations demonstrate that the rate constant is independent of the degree of polymerization if polyethylene samples of different lengths are kept at the same pressure. However, if instead molecular systems of different polyethylene chain lengths decompose under the conditions of the same density, shorter chains result in higher pressures and lower rate constants. The observed effect is attributed to a higher degree of molecular crowding (lower fraction of free intermolecular space available for molecular motion) in the case of shorter molecules.