It has been proven that post-vaccination immunity to measles virus after two doses of vaccine is not able to persistently protect against infection throughout life. The goal of this research was to determine the immune layer to the measles virus among women in labor and maternity ward personnel in the same medical institution. The levels of IgG antibodies to measles virus in the umbilical cord blood of 594 women in labor and 88 workers of the maternity ward were studied by ELISA. It was revealed that 22.7% of umbilical cord blood serum samples from parturient women and 21.4% of blood serum samples from maternity ward personnel were seronegative (<0.18 IU/ml). Levels of IgG antibodies to measles virus in low values (<1.0 IU/ml) were detected in 67% of blood serum samples among women in labor and 68.9% among employees of the maternity ward. Among women in labor, women under 35 years of age are at the highest risk of contracting measles; the proportion of women with low levels of protective antibodies in this age group was almost 70%, and the proportion of women without protective levels of antibodies was 23%. Compared with the age group 36–43, the age of women in labor under 35 was associated with a higher chance of not having immune protection against infection with measles virus OR [95% CI] = 2.2 [1.1–4.5] (p = 0.02) or had a low level of protection OR [95% CI] = 1.9 [1.2–3.0] (p = 0.001). It was also found that among women over 35 years of age, the proportion of persons with a high level of antibodies in women in labor was statistically significantly higher than among members of the maternity ward staff (13 and 0%, respectively, p = 0.007). Thus, maternity ward employees and women in labor constitute a risk group for measles due to the presence of a high proportion of seronegative persons among women of childbearing age (both maternity ward employees and women in labor). These conditions create the need to revise current approaches to present vaccination procedures, especially in the current epidemiological situation with COVID-19.
Background Although extensive research has been conducted on the role of local immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2, little is known about the production and concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) in different mucosal compartments. This article aims to assess the secretion of SIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and saliva of patients with COVID-19 and to investigate the possibility and efficiency of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Methods This study included 78 inpatients, aged between 18 and 60 years, who had confirmed COVID-19 with moderate lung involvement. The control group ( n =45) received basic therapy, and the treatment group ( n =33) was additionally administered the bacteria-based pharmaceutical Immunovac VP4 from day 1 to day 10 of hospitalization. SIgA levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and on days 14 and 30. Results No systemic or local reactions associated with Immunovac VP4 were reported. We observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of fever and hospitalization in patients who received Immunovac VP4 compared with those from the control group ( p =0.03 and p =0.05, respectively). Changes over time in SIgA levels in nasal swabs were found to be significantly different in the two treatment groups (F=7.9, p [78.0]<0.001). On day 14 of observation, patients in the control group showed a statistically significant reduction in SIgA levels from baseline ( p =0.02), whereas patients in the Immunovac VP4 group had stable SIgA levels ( p =0.07). On day 30 after the start of treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in SIgA levels in the Immunovac VP4 group compared with baseline (from 77.7 (40.5–98.7) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8–156.7) μg/L; p =0.05) and the levels measured on day 14 (from 60.2 (23.3–102.9) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8–156.7) μg/L; p =0.03). The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in levels of nasal SIgA (to 37.3) on day 30 ( p =0.007 for comparison with baseline values and p =0.04 for comparison with levels measured on day 14). Changes over time in SIgA levels measured in pharyngeal swabs were also different between the two treatment groups, and this difference reached statistical significance (F=6.5, p [73.0]=0.003). In the control group, this parameter did not change throughout the study ( p =0.17 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 14 and the baseline values, and p =0.12 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 30 and the baseline values)....
Scientific Relevance: Mucosal immunity plays a major role not only in the prevention but probably also in the outcome of COVID-19. An enhanced production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) might contribute to the activation of the immune response mechanisms. Study Objective: To assess the levels of sIgA produced by epithelial cells in the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa and those measured in salivary gland secretions and to study the course of COVID-19 following the intranasal or subcutaneous administration of a bacteria-based immunostimulant agent. Materials and Methods: This study included 69 patients, aged between 18 and 60, who had moderate COVID-19 infection. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (control group) included 39 patients who received only background therapy, and Group 2 was made up of 30 patients who received background therapy in combination with the Immunovac VP4 vaccine, a bacteria-based immunostimulant agent, which was given for 11 days starting from the day of admission to hospital. The levels of sIgA were measured by ELISA in nasal epithelial swabs, pharyngeal swabs, and salivary gland secretions at baseline and on days 14 and 30. Results: The convalescence phase of moderate COVID-19 was associated with a decrease in sIgA levels in nasal swabs, persistently high sIgA levels in salivary gland secretions, and no changes in pharyngeal swabs with the levels similar to those in healthy subjects. The addition of an immunostimulant agent to combination therapy for patients with COVID-19 stimulates the production of sIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments, reduces C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and shortens the duration of fever and the length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Using an immunomodulatory agent containing bacterial ligands in therapy for COVID-19 patients enhances the production of sIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and improves the course of the disease.
В обзоре обсуждается современное состояние проблемы вакцинопрофилактики пневмококковой инфекции у пациентов с хронической болезнью почек (ХБП). Рассматриваются клинико-иммунологические особенности различных групп больных с ХБП, специфика их иммунореактивности, особенности их иммунной системы, обусловленные основным и сопутствующими заболеваниями, а также лечением. В обзоре анализируются данные о различных подходах к проведению вакцинопрофилактики и обсуждаются результаты применения различных схем вакцинации и вакцин. На основании рассмотренных материалов приводятся рекомендации по организации наиболее рациональной вакцинопрофилактики пневмококковой инфекции у пациентов с хронической болезнью почек.
Муковисцидо з (МВ)-часто встречающееся генетически детерминированное заболевание, которое характеризуется поражением всех экзокринных желез жизненно важных органов и систем организ-ма и отличается обычно тяжелым течением и прогнозом. При этом заболевании в той или иной степени в патологический процесс вовлекается весь организм, но в большей степени-органы дыхания, 746
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