Авторы описывают разработанный ими композитный индекс макропсихологического состояния общества, соотнося его с другими, схожими по смыслу показателями. На основе использования этого индекса прослежена динамика психологического состояния российского общества в годы реформ. Полученные данные демонстрируют крайне неудовлетворительное психологическое состояние нашего общества, что имеет целый ряд негативных последствий. Обосновывается вывод о необходимости радикального изменения целей и ориентиров общественного развития, сводившихся в первые годы реформ преимущественно к экономическим показателям.
Introduction. Two-storey church buildings, that date back to the past centuries, are usually regarded as monuments of history and architecture. Their facades cannot be changed when buildings are adapted for modern use. The ground floor of a church building is used as a warm winter church, and the first floor is an unheated summer church. The evacuation of church members from the ground floor in case of fire is organized in accordance with fire safety regulations. If the area of the upper church floor is 80…200 m2 or more, the number of people may exceed 100 people there. As a rule, the upper church has one evacuation exit, which is contrary to the fire safety regulations, that prescribe the availability of several exits from the upper church floor when the number of people there exceeds fifty. The purpose of the article is to propose fire safety amendments in respect of cultural heritage monuments, so that the acceptable number of people inside a church building, that has one exit, can exceed fifty.Theoretical foundations of amendments to fire safety regulations. Methods of flexible fire safety control, applied today, allow for the regulatory harmonization of the requirements applicable to the adaptation of immovable cultural heritage for modern use. The level of individual risk is the fire safety criterion for a two-storey church building.Substantiation of effectiveness of the fire safety system. A system of measures is proposed to ensure the fire safety of two-storey church buildings. The proposals will allow to increase the number of people on the first floor, so that it can exceed fifty. The case of a functional church is analyzed, which demonstrates methods of increasing the number of people inside it to one hundred. The results of modeling the process of evacuation from the upper church floor are presented.Conclusions. An individual risk, arising in a church building that has one exit, is analyzed, and the implementation of the fire safety criterion is substantiated. Draft amendments to the fire safety regulations have been proposed, so that the number of people inside a church building, that has one exit, can exceed fifty.
Проведена серия расчетов по оценке температуры при пожаре в режиме, регулируемом вентиляцией, поскольку при этом достигается максимальное значение температуры. Исследуется радиационный и конвективный теплообмен с наружными поверхностями стен помещения. Рассмотрен случай пожара в помещениях складского типа. The application of local variation method for solving fire safety problems with variational formulation (continuous or finite-dimensional) makes it possible to significantly simplify the procedure of mathematical calculations for fire modeling and calculation tasks in the field of fire safety. The choice of the local variation method as a method of direct search for the conditional optimization problem (if there are restrictions) is associated with the absence of the need to calculate the derivatives of the target function (gradient and Hesse matrix). This saves the user from the tedious procedure of getting analytical or finite-difference expressions for the specified derivatives. This choice seems also to be due to the task of non-differentiable optimization. The article provides a justification for choosing the local variation method as one of the alternating-variable descent methods, developed for problems of thermal conductivity, control, etc. Specific features in the implementation of this algorithm are noted, as well as test examples of its application on several well-known test examples representing poorly conditioned “functionals” of small dimension. There are considered the methods of numerical implementation either by Hooke-Jeeves, which is one of the methods of coordinate descent developed for unconditional optimization problems, or by Nelder - Mead, one of the most effective methods if the number of variables does not exceed 6. Example researches showed that regularization contributes to the convergence of the method of local variations. The most effective one is a stabilizer that uses an exact solution. Some predominance of negative test results on the use of regularization is explained by insufficient conditionality of the examples used. This circumstance indicates the need for further search for optimal possibilities of using the method of local variations for applied problems. If it is necessary other stabilizers, not considered in the article, can be used. For the purpose of optimization of the formulated problem, it seems optimal to design a new type of stabilizers.
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