A theoretical and experimental study on atmospheric pressure microwave plasma-based assembly of free standing graphene sheets is presented. The synthesis method is based on introducing a carbon-containing precursor (C 2 H 5 OH) through a microwave (2.45 GHz) argon plasma environment, where decomposition of ethanol molecules takes place and carbon atoms and molecules are created and then converted into solid carbon nuclei in the 'colder' nucleation zones. A theoretical model previously developed has been further updated and refined to map the particle and thermal fluxes in the plasma reactor. Considering the nucleation process as a delicate interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic factors, the model is based on a set of non-linear differential equations describing plasma thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. The model predictions were validated by experimental results. Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to detect the plasma emission related to carbon species from the 'hot' plasma zone. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have been applied to analyze the synthesized nanostructures. The microstructural features of the solid carbon nuclei collected from the colder zones of plasma reactor vary according to their location. A part of the solid carbon was deposited on the discharge tube wall. The solid assembled from the main stream, which was gradually withdrawn from the hot plasma region in the outlet plasma stream directed to a filter, was composed by 'flowing' graphene sheets. The influence of additional hydrogen, Ar flow rate and microwave power on the concentration of obtained stable species and carbon−dicarbon was evaluated. The ratio of sp 3 /sp 2 carbons in graphene sheets is presented. A correlation between changes in C 2 and C number densities and sp 3 /sp 2 ratio was found.

An experimental and theoretical study on microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma enabled assembly of carbon nanostructures, such as multilayer graphene sheets and nanoparticles, was performed. The carbon nanostructures were fabricated at different Ar-CH4 gas mixture composition and flows at atmospheric pressure conditions. The synthesis method is based on decomposition of the carbon-containing precursor (CH4) in the "hot" microwave plasma environment into carbon atoms and molecules, which are further converted into solid carbon nuclei in the "colder" plasma zones. By tailoring of the plasma environment, a controlled synthesis of graphene sheets and diamond-like nanoparticles was achieved. Selective synthesis of graphene flakes was achieved at a microwave power of 1 kW, Ar and methane flow rates of 600 sccm and 2 sccm respectively, while the predominant synthesis of diamond-like nanoparticles was obtained at the same power, but with higher flow rates, i.e. 1000 and 7.5 sccm, respectively. Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to detect the plasma emission related to carbon species from the 'hot' plasma zone and to determine the main plasma parameters. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been applied to characterize the synthesized nanostructures. A previously developed theoretical model was further updated and employed to understand the mechanism of CH4 decomposition and formation of the main building units, i.e. C and C2, of the carbon nanostructures. An insight into the physical chemistry of carbon nanostructure formation in a high energy density microwave plasma environment is presented.

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In this work, an experimental investigation of microwave plasma-assisted reforming of different alcohols is presented. A microwave (2.45 GHz) 'tornado'-type plasma with a high-speed tangential gas injection (swirl) at atmospheric pressure is applied to decompose alcohol molecules, namely methanol, ethanol and propanol, and to produce hydrogen-rich gas. The reforming efficiency is investigated both in Ar and Ar+ water vapor plasma environments. The hydrogen yield dependence on the partial alcohol flux is analyzed. Mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to detect the outlet gas products from the decomposition process. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and solid carbon are the main decomposition by-products. A significant increase in the hydrogen production rate is observed with the addition of a small amount of water. Furthermore, optical emission spectroscopy is applied to detect the radiation emitted by the plasma and to estimate the gas temperature and electron density.

Scheme of ethanol/ammonia plasma driven decomposition pathways considering injection of the nitrogen precursor in “hot” and “mild” plasma zone.

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A plasma-chemical model of atomic nitrogen production in a Townsend dielectric-barrier discharge in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure is presented. On the basis of the comparison with measured densities, a significant discrepancy between the calculated and the measured production rate of nitrogen atoms is observed and discussed.