Steam reforming of ethanol into hydrogen-rich gas using microwave Ar/water “tornado” – Type plasma

Modeling of a Microwave Plasma Driven Biomass Pyrolitic Conversion for Energy Production

“…The characteristic temperatures and the biomass heating rate in microwave Ar plasma environment are rather high: 3000–3500 K and ∼300 000 K s −1 , respectively. The characteristic residence time of the biomass particle in the Ar plasma environment up to the cooling point, which is taken at the end of the discharge column, is ∼0.5 s, where is the gas velocity at initial temperature ; is the gas temperature profile along the discharge . The rate coefficients of the thermal decomposition reactions are determined by Arrhenius equation: , where is the pre‐exponential coefficient (s −1 ); is the activation energy (J mol −1 ); is the gas constant equal to 8.314 J (mol К) −1 ; is the temperature of the particles ( K ).…”

“…In order to describe the gas thermal balance of wave driven microwave plasma under conditions of argon gas flow, a previously developed theoretical model was further amended . The following assumptions were made: The radial profile of the gas temperature has a parabolic shape with the maximum temperature in the center of the tube, decreasing toward the walls – , where T a is the temperature at the axis, T w is the wall temperature and R is the tube radius. Local thermal equilibrium was assumed. The microwave power was linearly dissipated along the plasma column length (∼3 cm) and only axial variations were considered. The wall temperature axial profile T w ( z ) was experimentally determined and fitted by an analytical expression: T w ( z ) ≈ 605 + 2.74 × z − 12.72 × z 2 + 1.05 × z 3 , for z < 6 cm, where the axial distance z (in cm) is measured from the launcher position (Figure ). …”

“…The main parameters of microwave plasma at atmospheric pressure were repeatedly estimated, i.e., electron density ∼10 14 cm −3 , electron temperature ∼ 5000 K, carrier gas concentration ∼ 4 × 10 18 cm −3 …”

“…In the present study, the theoretical model developed and presented in ref . has been further elaborated to describe biomass particles pyrolysis in a microwave plasma operating at atmospheric pressure conditions.…”

A Novel Method for Producing Hydrogen from a Hydrocarbon Liquid Using Microwave In-liquid Plasma

“…However, since water is an extremely stable material, creating hydrogen from this material would be required tremendous amount of energy. Steam reforming of natural gas is another method that has been commercially used for generating large amounts of hydrogen [9][10][11]. However, in the steam reforming method, carbon dioxide is released in the final stage of the reaction, so provisions for capturing and storing the CO 2 are required [12,13].…”