The increasing trend of large carnivore attacks on humans not only raises human safety concerns but may also undermine large carnivore conservation efforts. Although rare, attacks by brown bears
Ursus arctos
are also on the rise and, although several studies have addressed this issue at local scales, information is lacking on a worldwide scale. Here, we investigated brown bear attacks (n = 664) on humans between 2000 and 2015 across most of the range inhabited by the species: North America (n = 183), Europe (n = 291), and East (n = 190). When the attacks occurred, half of the people were engaged in leisure activities and the main scenario was an encounter with a female with cubs. Attacks have increased significantly over time and were more frequent at high bear and low human population densities. There was no significant difference in the number of attacks between continents or between countries with different hunting practices. Understanding global patterns of bear attacks can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is crucial for informing wildlife managers and the public about appropriate measures to reduce this kind of conflicts in bear country.
This report presents the results of the second stage of the study of complex biotropic effects of extreme environmental factors -heliogeomagnetic anomalies. Objective: to study the effect of heliogeomagnetic anomalies on the course of chronic visceral diseases in the environmental conditions of the Northern urban area on the example of Surgut city. Methods: Seasonal dynamics of the most important chronic diseases' recurrences were studied in 7 642 patients for a five-year period. The average monthly dynamic of "geomagnetic activity index" was also studied for the same period, which was calculated according to the average duration of geomagnetic storms in each month in days and according the average intensity in points. Results. A reliable direct correlation between the duration of heliogeomagnetic disturbances and the frequency of chronic visceral diseases' recurrences was revealed. The marked biopathogenic effects are realized through the change of patients' specific resistance. The assumption was made that heliogeomagnetic effect had a priority in the complex of various extreme environmental factors. Conclusions. Total average monthly dynamic of heliogeomagnetic rises and falls plays a significant role in the seasonal recurring of chronic visceral diseases. Extreme effect of vibrational dynamics of heliogeomagnetic activity on the human organism comes against the background of meteorological factors or by means of the latter.
Основным источником постоянного облучения населения на земной поверхности во все времена являлся естественный радиоактивный фон (ЕРФ). Многолетние наблюдения показали, что главной составляющей среди всех природных источников ионизирующего излучения (ПИИИ) является радон и его дочерние продукты распада [1, 7]. Присутствуя внутри практически всех зданий, они вносят основной вклад в радиационное облучение населения [4, 9, 12]. В настоящее время повсеместно возрастает научный интерес к возможному неблагоприятному биотропному воздействию малых и сверхмалых доз природных геофизических факторов, особенно к проблеме канцерогенных эффектов естественного радиационного облучения. Медико-экологический контроль за биогенными эффектами ПИИИ радона показал, что он является важнейшим фактором риска развития рака легкого [5, 16, 18], причем не была убедительно продемон
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