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Mankind has become intensively engaged in studying the biotic mechanisms of the planet because of the increase in the number of new technologies that have pronounced but not always successfully predicted social, medicobiological, and ecological consequences. It has become necessary to associate any action that affects the environment with a forecast of its possible results. This assumes that in each specific problem area there exist ideas concerning the investigated processes, estimates of the significance of different solutions, and assumptions concerning alternatives and different development possibilities. Human experience, stimulated by a marked deterioration in the living environment, has already raised the question of determining the limits of homeostasis, i.e., of the critical environmental parameter values beyond which the existence of civilization, as presently understood, turns out to be impossible. However, it is now also evident that society will not be ready in the foreseeable future to relate in comparable terms the dangers of differing technical solutions to the kinds of activities needed to achieve the optimal relationship between social benefit and possible damage. It is therefore timely to devise some universal concept to describe the influence of the artificial living environment on the conditions for existence that will enable it to be extended to all types of technogenic activity. This essentially means that it is necessary to establish the interrelationship between the stability of complex systems and technogenic risk.Since the evolution of an artificial living environment involves the processes of transmitting matter, energy, and information, thermodynamic concepts can be used to set about analyzing it. The results obtained will then have a great generality and will not require the adoption of simplified models of the systems considered. The thermodynamic approach is valid for any systems that are sufficiently large for fluctuations of their individual microstates to be smoothed out and not too far from equilibrium to enable the nonlinearity of the processes occurring to be neglected. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE APPROACHLet us consider a thermodynamically open system that consists of physically and chemically inhomogeneous elements which are ordered in a specific way and are specifically related. The lifetime of the elements exceeds the duration of the functioning cycle of the system. This is a general condition for any technogenic systems which contain sensible components or structures. The behavior of these slowly relaxing elements is determined by the structure of the system. By structure we mean the method of organizing the elements and the nature of the coupling between them. Real systems detect the presence of spatial and temporal structures coupled to a dynamic system. The system as a whole, and also the indeterminacy inherent in it, can be characterized by the number of possible states and by the partial probability of realizing these states that fluctuate randomly with time. The syste...

Unique experimental data on the high heat value of biofuels -soy and rapeseed oils and methyl esters of the latter -which are in good agreement with the data of domestic and foreign researchers confirm the results of calculations: high erucic oil and its derivatives have a higher energy potential than low erucic oil. These data allow determining the indicator and effective indexes of operation of diesel (multifuel) engines with a high degree of reliability.With the shortage of liquid energy carriers of petroleum origin and to reduce the environmental hazard of diesel exhaust gases, alternative fuels from renewable feedstock sources -vegetable oils and their derivatives, are beginning to be used.In processing experimental data and calculations of the running cycle of diesel engines, it is important to know the precise value of the low heat value Q l of the fuel. The value of Q l is calculated with the high heat value Q h , which is determined calorimetrically according to GOST 21261"91 in isothermal and adiabatic conditions in a constant volume.The values of Q h and Q l of petroleum fuels and the equations for calculating them are widely known [1], and the experimental values of these quantities were systematized in [2] for biofuels from plant feedstock.Although these values are in satisfactory agreement with the values calculated with Mendeleev's equation, Q h was directly measured with a combustion calorimeter with a V-08MA liquid bomb. S i n c e G O S T 2 1 2 6 1 -9 1 c o v e r s l i q u i d f u e l s a n d h y d r o c a r b o n a n d o x y g e n -c o n t a i n i n g components, the recommended method for determination of Q h can also be considered suitable for oxygen-containing (9-10% O 2 ) vegetable oils and their derivatives.Calorimetric tests of samples of the following fuels [3] were conducted in the Laboratory of Thermal and Thermophysical Measurements at Khar'kov State Scientific-Research Institute of Metrology (KSSRIM): Sample 1 -RME: German rapeseed oil methyl esters, erucic acid C22:1* = 0.6%; density of esters = 877 kg/m 3 at 20°C; Sample 2 -RHRO: refined high erucic rapeseed oil, C22:1 ≈ 30%, density = 916 kg/m 3 at 20°C; *Designation of the erucic acid used in the chemistry of fats: C22 -formula C 22 H 42 O 2 ; the figure 1 after the colon designates the number of double bonds in the molecule. 0009-3092/06/4202-0144

Against the background of the use of a probiotic feed additive at a rate of 0.3 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg of fodder, in experimental calves, compared with the controlanalogs, there was a significant increase in the average daily weight gain on the 15th day of the experiment by 4.60-4.90%, on the 30th day - by 5.87 - 6.34%, on the 60th day - by 7.48 - 7.81%, in the blood of animals the number of red blood cells increased by 3.69 - 4.54%, leukocytes - by 1.48 - 1.75%, hemoglobin - by 6.39 - 7.59%, in blood serum the level of total protein - by 3.28 - 3.31% (P<0.05), albumin - by 2.08 - 2.69% (P<0.05), globulins - by 3.70 - 4.20% (P<0.05), gamma globulins - by 12.41 - 12.91 % (P<0.01). Introduction to the diet of calves of the specified probiotic feed additive promoted a slight increase of immunoglobulins A in blood serum in the experimental calves, in relation to the control analogues, in both experimental groups of animals by 5.00% (P<0.05), immunoglobulins M - by 4.43 - 5.64% (P<0.01), immunoglobulins G - by 5.69 - 5.90% (P<0.05), increasing the preservation of calves - by 3.22 - 3.69% (P<0.05).

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The fractional compositions of fatty acid methyl esters from rape and sunflower oils were determined by the method in GOST 2177-99. The data obtained can be used to calculate the characteristic temperatures and thermophysical parameters of biofuels. The difference in the boiling points of the esters and their vapors was established. The ingredients of the biofuels and their fractions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Fuels of plant origin evaporate in a narrow temperature range so that the fatty acid methyl esters are distributed very unevenly over all fractions. The results obtained can be used to create an adequate mathematical model of evaporation of biofuel in the diesel cylinder. The physicochemical properties of fuels, particularly the chemical composition, have a large effect on the environmental and economic characteristics of diesels. The following groups of hydrocarbons are contained in traditional petroleum diesel fuels as ingredients: paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, dienes, and aromatics [1]. The volatility, boiling point, cetane number, ignition lag time, and dynamics and efficiency of combustion are essentially a function of the group hydrocarbon composition. The molecules of alternative fuels of plant origin -lube oils and their derivatives -have a slightly different structure. Plant oils consist of fatty acid glycerin esters [2]. They all contain triglycerides, which are mono-, di-, or tribasic as a function of the composition of the fatty acids forming them. Indexes Rapeseed oil [3] Rapeseed oil triglycerides Erucic acid methyl ester ROME [3]Approximate overall formula

Bulletin the National academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4 Г л а в н ы й р е д а к т о р д. х. н., проф. академик НАН РК

The feasibility of using Prevention-N-E, a newly developed and tested biological product, in comparison with the previously tested PS-6 preparation in the adaptive technology of keeping specialized beef cattle of imported breeding, had been scientifically substantiated and experimentally proved. Against the background of the use of drugs in animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, the incidence of the digestive and respiratory organs decreased by 1.4 and 2.3 times, the recovery time reduced by 3.36 and 4.88 days, accordingly, compared with the control (P <0.05). By the end of the growing period, the animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups exceeded in live weight control subjects by 6.6 and 9.2 kg, rearing by 10.4 and 14.8 kg, and fattening by 14.2 and 22.2 kg respectively. In the cuts of the carcasses of bulls of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, there was a bigger amount of the highest grade flesh: in spin-breast – by 1.0 and 1.0 kg, in the lumbar – by 0.2 and 0.4 kg, and in the hip – by 2.3 and 4.2 kg, rather than in the control.