The research was carried out in order to identify the best method of basic tillage in the cultivation of corn per silo in 2016-2019 on two experimental fields of the Tyumen region in two repeated experiments: factor A – soil cultivation methods (moldboard, nonmoldboard, differentiated), factor B – (without fertilizers, with the use of organic fertilizers – manure) in the first experiment, factor B – corn hybrids (Katerina SV, Ross 140 SV) in the second experiment. Sowing of corn was carried out in the second decade of May with a STV 8KU seeder. In the first experiment over the years of research, the best option was the moldboard method of processing with the introduction of organic fertilizers, where the highest yield was obtained – 39.9 t/ha. With refusal of organic fertilizers, the corn yield decreased by 10.5 t/ha for moldboard and by 9.3 t/ha for nonmoldboard methods. In the second experiment, the yield of corn hybrids over the years of research varied from 28.1 to 35.6 t/ha. The moldboard method was the best option for cultivating both hybrids, where the yield for Katerina SV hybrid is 35.6 t/ha, for the Ross 140 SV hybrid – 32.1 t/ha.
The problem of tillage is one of the most pressing in agriculture and the most controversial. Mechanical tillage is the most common type of work in agriculture, without which it is hardly possible to cultivate crops. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals in 2008–2016. The soil is leached chernozem of heavy loamy granulometric composition with morphological features and properties typical for Western Siberia. As a result of the long-term research, the effectiveness of differentiated main soil processing while the cultivation of crops in the crop rotation was established. It should be noted that the yield of spring wheat is higher when placed with the first crop after the full fallow, the yield of the second spring wheat after the full fallow is lower than the yield of the first wheat. Reducing the depth of processing led to a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops. In terms of crop rotation, the highest yield of fodder and grain units per hectare was obtained by differentiated deep processing, which is higher than the control (moldboard) and moldboard-free. As a result of a decrease in the depth of processing, there was a decrease in the yield of fodder and grain units. The lowest yield of both fodder and grain units was obtained in the fields without main processing. In the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, the cultivation of agricultural crops (annual grasses, spring wheat) is effective in terms of differentiated main tillage in crop rotation.
The results of research on the influence of basic tillage methods on agrophysical indicators in soybean cultivation are presented. Over the years of research (2017-2019), the soil density (0-30 cm) during soybean cultivation according to the studied methods of basic tillage was optimal for plant growth and development and was within the range of 1.00-1.27 g/cm3 before sowing; 1.05-1.19 g/cm3 during the branching phase; 1.10-1.36 g/cm3 before harvesting. The reserves of available moisture before sowing in the twenty-centimeter layer of soil were characterized by satisfactory and good security (30.4-43.0 mm), the meter layer-good and very good security (150.8-172.3 mm) on variants with soil treatment and satisfactory at zero treatment-125.1 mm. In the phase of soybean branching, the available moisture reserves at a depth of 0-20 cm were characterized by satisfactory water availability (31.0-35.6 mm) and good (159.6-160.6 mm) in the meter layer of soil. Before cleaning, the available moisture reserves were characterized by satisfactory security. The highest yield was obtained by a differentiated method of tillage (20-22 cm) with an excess of control (dump method, 20-22 cm) by 0.06 t/ha. A decrease in the depth of processing (12-14cm) led to a decrease in the yield of soybean grain by 0.07-0.11 t/ha for the studied methods of basic soil treatment.
The studies were carried out in order to identify the most effective method (plowing, loosening, their alternation in crop rotation, without main processing) of a mid-depth (20-22 and 12-14 cm) main processing of leached heavy loamy chernozem during cultivation of grain legume crops (peas, chickpeas) in the northern forest-steppe Tyumen region. The work was carried out in 2016–2019. Meteorological conditions in the study area are characterized by long cold winters, warm short summers, short spring and autumn, late spring and early autumn frosts. The highest yield of legumes was noted after plowing by 20-22 cm, so when cultivating peas, it was higher than after loosening to a similar depth, by 0.39 t/ha, chickpea - by 0.53 t/ha, compared with the option of alternating plowing and loosening in crop rotation, by 0.38 and 0.32 t/ha, respectively. With a decrease in tilling depth, the yield of peas and chickpeas decreased: for plowing - by 0.32 and 0.35 t/ha, after loosening - by 0.33 and 0.30 t/ha, in the variant with alternating plowing and loosening - by 0.26 and 0.21 t/ha. The lowest yield in the experiment was noted without basic tillage. The best results after plowing at 20-22 cm were due to the highest yield, as well as the highest mass of 1000 grains, the yield of fodder and grain units in this variant.
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