The results of research on the influence of basic tillage methods on agrophysical indicators in soybean cultivation are presented. Over the years of research (2017-2019), the soil density (0-30 cm) during soybean cultivation according to the studied methods of basic tillage was optimal for plant growth and development and was within the range of 1.00-1.27 g/cm3 before sowing; 1.05-1.19 g/cm3 during the branching phase; 1.10-1.36 g/cm3 before harvesting. The reserves of available moisture before sowing in the twenty-centimeter layer of soil were characterized by satisfactory and good security (30.4-43.0 mm), the meter layer-good and very good security (150.8-172.3 mm) on variants with soil treatment and satisfactory at zero treatment-125.1 mm. In the phase of soybean branching, the available moisture reserves at a depth of 0-20 cm were characterized by satisfactory water availability (31.0-35.6 mm) and good (159.6-160.6 mm) in the meter layer of soil. Before cleaning, the available moisture reserves were characterized by satisfactory security. The highest yield was obtained by a differentiated method of tillage (20-22 cm) with an excess of control (dump method, 20-22 cm) by 0.06 t/ha. A decrease in the depth of processing (12-14cm) led to a decrease in the yield of soybean grain by 0.07-0.11 t/ha for the studied methods of basic soil treatment.
The features of changing the productivity of spring wheat under the influence of weather conditions and after foliar application with humic acid fertilizers, mineral and organic-mineral fertilizers are considered. It is shown that at 56% of the norm of precipitation for vegetation and air temperatures fall above the annual average by 4–7 ° C, the yield of spring wheat decreases by 0.85 t / ha or by 41%. After three-year experiments, it was noted that, under the influence of the studied agricultural practices, the yield of spring wheat increases as well as the grain quality of this crop. The highest yield was in the variants after application of Biocomplex and Biohumus; it was 1.76 and 1.71 t / ha, respectively, which is 29.4 and 25.7% higher than the control. Organic and mineral fertilizers containing a complex of microelements and organic acids had a greater effect. Thus, the protein content was up to 17.6%, dry gluten – up to 30.8%, raw gluten – 33.5%, IDK was 78.2 units.
В научной литературе нечасто дается характеристика правотворчеству Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний. В статье рассматриваются особенности правотворческой деятельности пенитенциарного ведомства России, перечисляются стадии правотворческого процесса, дается характеристика и классификация правовых актов Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний. Авторы раскрывают особенности нормативных правовых актов и индивидуальных правовых актов, издаваемых в Федеральной службе исполнения наказаний. В статье ставится под сомнение тезис о том, что субъектом нормотворчества в ведомстве является только директор. Проведя анализ содержания правовых актов и сравнивая их с локальными правовыми актами работодателей, которые в силу закона называются нормативными, авторы приходят к выводу о том, что начальники территориальных органов и учреждений, исполняющих уголовные наказания, также являются субъектами правотворчества. В работе рассматриваются виды приказов, издаваемых в ведомстве. Таким образом, отмечается, что в ведомственных источниках четкого разграничения между приказом и распоряжением нет, что несколько затрудняет выбор конкретного вида акта правоприменителем в конкретной ситуации. Также авторами подчеркивается, что по своей форме правовые акты Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний должны делиться на приказы и распоряжения. Постановления, правила, инструкции являются видами правовых актов по содержанию. В учебной литературе нечасто рассматривается вопрос о стадиях правотворческого процесса, в связи с чем обучающиеся в вузах Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний фактически лишены информации об особенностях правотворческого процесса на ведомственном уровне. В статье авторы дают характеристику каждой стадии ведомственного правотворческого процесса. In the scientific literature, a characteristic of the law-making of the Federal Penitentiary Service is not often given. The article discusses the features of the law-making activity of the penitentiary department of Russia, lists the stages of the law-making process, characterizes and classifies the legal acts of the Federal Penitentiary Ser-vice.The author reveals the features of normative legal acts and individual legal acts issued by the Federal Penitentiary Service. The article questions the thesis that only the director is the subject of rule-making in the department. After analyzing the content of legal acts, and comparing them with local legal acts of employers, which are called normative by virtue of the law, the author comes to the conclusion that the heads of territorial bodies and institutions executing criminal penalties are also subjects of lawmaking. The paper considers the types of orders issued in the department. The author comes to the conclusion that in departmental sources there is no clear distinction between an order and an order, which makes it somewhat difficult for a law enforcement officer to choose a specific type of act in a particular situation. The author also comes to the conclusion that, in their form, the legal acts of the Federal Penitentiary Service should be divided into orders and instructions. Decrees, rules, instructions are types of legal acts in terms of content. The educational literature does not often address the issue of the stages of the law-making process, and therefore, students at the universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service are actually deprived of information about the features of the law-making process at the departmental level. In the article, the author gives a description of each stage of the departmental law-making process.
The article shows the influence of the main tillage and mineral fertilizers with microelements on the water consumption coefficient and the yield of chickpea grain in the Saratov Trans-Volga region. On average, over three years in chickpea crops, the highest total water consumption was after subsoil tillage - 1240 m3 / ha, which exceeded the control by 64 m3 / ha. Minimal tillage led to an increase in the water consumption coefficient by 533 m3 / t, or 31%. After subsoil tillage it increased by 372 m3 / t, or 22% relative to conventional tillage. Foliar top dressing with microfertilizers in the chickpea branching phase reduced the water consumption ratio by 88–236 m3 / t, which amounted to 4.3–11.4%. A decrease in the depth of the main processing to 10–12 cm led to a 23.5% decrease in the yield of chickpea. Subsoil tillage reduced the yield by 10.3%. Combined soil cultivation did not provide a significant increase in yield relative to control. Foliar feeding of chickpeas in the branching phase with micronutrient fertilizers increases the yield by 5.1–11.9%.
The scientific work shows the influence of agrochemicals and methods of the main tillage in the steam link of grain-row crop rotation on the yield and the proportion of protein in dry matter in winter wheat grain. The analysis of soil moisture and moisture reserves in a fallow field during the sowing of winter wheat in the Lower Volga region was carried out. Three-year data show that the main processing of black fallow by 10-12 cm for sowing winter wheat reduces its yield by 0.25 t / ha (10.6%). The maximum values of the yield of winter wheat were obtained on combined processing - 2.40 t / ha, with an insignificant increase (2.1%) in relation to the control (moldboard processing). Deep moldboard-free loosening of the soil by 30-32 cm did not provide a significant decrease in yield (-0.03 t / ha). Foliar feeding of winter wheat crops with micronutrient fertilizers increased the yield by 7.3-11.4%, a growth stimulator (GSN-2004) by 3.8 - 8.2%. Giberelon (growth regulator) in the severely arid years of research on the dark chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region did not have a significant effect on the grain yield of winter wheat. A significant increase in the protein content was formed in the variants with feeding Megamix No. 10 - 0.4-0.5%, Mikrovit – 0.4-0.6% (mineral fertilizers) and GSN-2004 (growth stimulant) - 0.5-0.6%.
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