The objective of the present study was to systematize the main etiological factors as well as specific clinical, morphological, immunological, and microbiological features characteristic of the development of pathogenic changes in nasal cavity mucosa associated with occupational diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) of the subjects professionally exposed to the inhaled industrial aerosols (IA) with the special emphasis laid on the role of URT disorders in the development of occupational pathology of the respiratory system. The main clinical forms of occupational diseases of the upper respiratory tract are considered in accordance with the List of occupational diseases. Much attention is given to the criteria for the occupational origin of dystrophic and allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract developing under the action of industrial aerosols.
This article presents data on the prevalence of hearing impairment among the workers engaged in the main means of transportation(air and railway transport). They show that the relative frequency of occupational loss of hearing in the cockpit members of commercial aviation amounts to one third of all cases of analogous diseases in this country. The main professional groups of transport works suffering from hearing impairment are constituted by the representatives of the so-called elite specialities, such as flying crew personnel, locomotive engineers, and their assistants. This fact constitutes an important aspect (not only of medical but also of socio-economic significance) of the problem under consideration. The high prevalence of professional hearing impairment among the transport workers is attributable to the high noise level in the cabins of locomotives and aircraft cockpits as well as to the inadequate expert and diagnostic work or imperfection of the regulatory documentation.
The article demonstrates actuality of problem of occupational bradyacusia that takes first place in the structure of professional morbidity of workers in the Russian Federation. This disease has no trend to decreasing and at that about one third of it are initial stages of disorders of sound perception - "signs of impact of noise on organ of hearing" and "loss of hearing (chronic senso-neural bradyacusia) of degree I". The occupational bradyacusia develops at rather young and not retirement age and conditions loss of vocational fitness that determines importance of early diagnostic, treatment and rehabilitation of individuals with loss of hearing due to noise. The main modern pathogenic aspects of rehabilitation and health improvement of individuals with disorders of function of hearing working in conditions of impact of noise. Also are presented hygienic principles of rehabilitation based on accounting negative impact of occupational conditions, necessary measures of primary and secondary prevention, possibilities of sanatoria and health resort, rehabilitation treatment and health improvement.
If a worker uses filtering respirators to protect against toxic gases, the cartridges must be replaced promptly, as they have a limited service life. If the service life exceeds the length of the job, the cartridges can be reused in some cases. However, toxic substances can desorb and migrate during storage; and then be released into the inhaled air. So, the cartridges can become a source of hazard themselves. The risk depends on the properties of gases, cartridges, and the conditions in the workplace and during storage. The sensory response to inhaled gas has proven to be an unreliable indicator of the end of service life, and its use has been prohibited. We prepared this article using the results of a search for relevant information in Journal of the ISRP; publications of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), Taylor & Francis, Springer, Oxford University Press; western law requirements for respiratory protection, and textbooks. The article describes the results of studies of gas desorption during cartridge storage. Researchers have found that hazards can occur when protecting against organic compounds with different boiling points and some inorganic substances. A significant difference is shown between the amount of available information and the possible reuses of the cartridges. There are different ways to protect workers: prohibit the reuse of cartridges when protecting against most hazardous substances; prohibit reuse without the permission of the cartridges manufacturers; limit the duration of their use. If the service life is long enough, the cartridges may be used within their limits (including breaks for storage). Mathematical modelling for risk assessment is described, and recommendations for improved training and workers protection are provided. If a worker uses filtering respirators to protect against toxic gases, the cartridges must be replaced promptly, as they have a limited service life. If the service life exceeds the length of the job, the cartridges can be reused in some cases. Nevertheless, toxic substances can desorb and migrate during storage; and then be released into the inhaled air. So, the cartridges can become a source of hazard themselves. The risk depends on the properties of gases, cartridges, and the conditions in the workplace and during storage. The sensory response to inhaled gas has proven to be an unreliable indicator of the end of service life, and its use has been prohibited. The article describes the results of studies of gas desorption during cartridge storage. Researchers have found that hazards can occur when protecting against organic compounds with different boiling points and some inorganic substances. A significant difference is shown between the amount of available information and the possible reuses of the cartridges. There are different ways to protect workers: prohibit the reuse of cartridges when protecting against most hazardous substances; prohibit reuse without the permission of the cartridges manufacturers; limit the duration of their use. If the service life is enough long, the cartridges may be used within its limits (including breaks for storage). Mathematical modeling for risk assessment is described. Conclusion. Recommendations on improving the protection of workers have been given. They include: improvement of respiratory approval requirements, development of the law requirements for their use, training of occupational health and safety specialists and workers.
Modern, problematic issues of prevalence, structure and high rates of hearing loss from exposure to industrial noise in the form of clinical stages of chronic sensorineural hearing loss are reflected. The possibility of harmonization of the List of occupational diseases of the ICD 10th and 11th reviews in hearing impairment is discussed
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