The aim of this study was to describe the abnormalities associated with migraine aura lasting 1-24 h in children as shown by EEG, trancranial Doppler (TCD) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this retrospective study, 11 patients each underwent EEG, TCD and brain SPECT on the day of admission and the day thereafter. On the day of admission, the migrainous hemisphere of all patients showed that the mean velocities were decreased in the middle cerebral artery by TCD, slow-wave abnormalities were recorded after several hours of aura by EEG and the SPECT showed hypoperfusion. On the day after, in the same hemisphere, slow waves were recorded only in the occipital area by EEG, and SPECT showed slight hyperperfusion. In these patients, there was a clear sequence of EEG, TCD and SPECT abnormalities.
The review shows the main strategic priorities and mechanisms for implementation of the Russian state policy in the Arctic. There is presented the characteristics of habitat factors affecting the health of the population in the North concerning extreme climate, photoperiodicity (Polar night, Polar day), lack of oxygen, the effect of magnetic storms, increased energy costs in performing any physical work, etc. There is presented information on the structure, quality, and safety of diets of the actual nutrition of indigenous and non-indigenous residents of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The largest deficit in terms of consumption has been established to be noted for potatoes and other vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and dairy products. The high carbohydrate load on the body attracts attention: the consumption of sugar exceeds the recommended sizes by 44% with the deficiency of essential proteins, most vitamins, and minerals. Substantial microbiological and chemical contamination of food raw materials and food products has been revealed. The peculiarity of the real rations of the actual nutrition of the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the Arctic zone is correspondingly reflected in protein, vitamin, mineral metabolism, antioxidant status and the biological age. Problems of the organization of food supply of regions and development of local raw materials base are discussed. To achieve greater adequacy of the diet to the needs of the body, the need for correction, optimization, personalization and ensuring the safety of nutrition of various populations in order to prevent nutritional deficiencies in the northern population is justified. At the same time, there are extremely important the introduction of new technologies aimed at maximum preservation of the food value of products, provision of the population with specialized products for preventive purposes, targeted multi-vitaminization of the population, and the implementation of systematic hygienic training in the principles of balanced nutrition.
The article demonstrates actuality of problem of occupational bradyacusia that takes first place in the structure of professional morbidity of workers in the Russian Federation. This disease has no trend to decreasing and at that about one third of it are initial stages of disorders of sound perception - "signs of impact of noise on organ of hearing" and "loss of hearing (chronic senso-neural bradyacusia) of degree I". The occupational bradyacusia develops at rather young and not retirement age and conditions loss of vocational fitness that determines importance of early diagnostic, treatment and rehabilitation of individuals with loss of hearing due to noise. The main modern pathogenic aspects of rehabilitation and health improvement of individuals with disorders of function of hearing working in conditions of impact of noise. Also are presented hygienic principles of rehabilitation based on accounting negative impact of occupational conditions, necessary measures of primary and secondary prevention, possibilities of sanatoria and health resort, rehabilitation treatment and health improvement.
Общеизвестно, что шум как акустически адекватный раздражитель вызывает специфические изменения пери-ферического отдела слухового анализатора и приводит к развитию профессиональной нейросенсорной тугоухости (ПНСТ). Вместе с тем шум относится к факторам, облада-ющим высокой биологической активностью и вызываю-щим целый ряд неспецифических, так называемых экс-траауральных нарушений со стороны различных органов и систем [1][2][3].Исследования последних лет показали, что длитель-ное воздействие шума и вибрации приводит к истощению адаптационных резервов организма, развитию кардио-и цереброваскулярных осложнений, нанося существенный социально-экономический ущерб вследствие утраты здо-ровья [4][5][6]. В структуре общей заболеваемости у работ-ников шумо-и виброопасных производств болезни орга-нов кровообращения занимают одно из первых мест, а высокие риски развития данной патологии позволяют от-нести их к профессионально-обусловленным заболевани-ям [7][8][9]. В то же время сердечно-сосудистые заболевания могут способствовать развитию нейросенсорной тугоухо-сти, в патогенезе которой значительная роль принадлежит гемодинамическим расстройствам. Поэтому вопросы па-тогенетической взаимосвязи данных нарушений, первич-ности и вторичности их развития по отношению к тугоу-хости имеют большое прогностическое и медико-соци-альное значение, определяют направленность лечебно- Цель работы -анализ структуры сопутствующей соматической патологии у работников с профессиональной потерей слуха. Отмечено нарастание частоты сопутствующих хронических заболеваний и преобладание полинозологии по мере усиления степени выраженности тугоухости. Доказано, что заболевания сердечнососудистой системы потенцируют действие шума на орган слуха и повышают риск потери слуха у работников «шумовых» профессий. Установлены при чинноследственные связи и определена этиологическая доля сосудистого фактора в формировании профессиональной патологии органа слуха. Выявлены клиникоаудиологические особенности коморбидного течения профессиональной тугоухости на фоне сосудистой патологии, характеризующиеся сокращением сроков развития и прогрессирования за болевания, постепенным исчезновением специфичных для шумового поражения аудиологических признаков.
Introduction. In the period from 2013 to 2021, industrial enterprises saw a reduction in jobs that did not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements for the level of exposure to noise, vibration, illumination, microclimate parameters and electromagnetic fields on the workers' bodies. However, the proportion of unfavorable workplaces that do not meet the standards for noise levels remains the largest, which determines the peculiarities of the structure of the occupational pathology of workers in the Russian Federation: professional pathology of the hearing organ - professional sensorineural hearing loss - remains in the first place. The transport industry is among the sectors of the economy with the most significant indicators of occupational diseases exceeding the average Russian indicator. The study aims to analyze additional causes of pathogenetic significance in the development of professional hearing loss using the example of employees of the driving professions of railway transport and flight professions of civil aviation aircraft. Materials and methods. We have analyzed the state of the auditory function in members of locomotive crews of JSC Russian Railways for 2017-2021 according to the Territorial Administration of Rospotrebnadzor for Railway Transport and persons of flight professions of civil aviation aircraft of the Russian Federation for 2010-2020 according to the data of the Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology. Results. Professional sensorineural hearing loss prevails in the structure of occupational morbidity of railway and aviation transport workers. Despite the absence of excess in-cabin noise levels, the leading professional group for hearing loss in railway transport are locomotive drivers and assistants, in civil aviation - aircraft commanders and co-pilots. The complexity of the professional activities of persons of these professions, a high degree of responsibility for the safety of transportation of passengers and cargo, readiness to act in non-standard conditions, loads on visual and auditory analyzers, create a high degree of labor intensity that causes chronic stress. The factor of chronic stress causes a violation of adaptive mechanisms and causes a number of complex neuro-reflex and neurohumoral shifts in the body, as a result of which labor intensity need to consider as a pathogenetically significant factor in the development of professional sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusions. Chronic sensorineural hearing loss is a priority occupational disease in persons of driving and flying professions, it is registered even in persons working in conditions of regulatory levels of industrial noise and a high degree of labor intensity. It is necessary to discuss the possibility of including labor intensity indicators as an additional etiological, pathogenetically significant factor in the expert criteria for establishing the connection of hearing loss with professional activity.
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