Studies (1972-2019) were carried out on the apple gene pool of VNIISPK by methods of the field assessment of the main production and biological indicators according to generally accepted methods of culivar study. The objects were apple cultivars of various genetic and ecological-geographical origin. A significant improvement in the zoned apple assortment in the Central Chernozem Region was revealed due to the addition of scab-immune, triploid cultivars that combine scab immunity with a triple set of chromosomes, as well as columnar cultivars. Changing conditions require constant updating of the assortment due to the use of new sources of valuable traits in breeding. High resistance to scab (Rvi6 gene) of Moldovan cultivars Koremolda, Koremodet, Romanian cultivars Romus 3 and Romus 4, and Latvian cultivars Baiba, Gita, Dace, Edite was revealed. Wijeik, Tuskan (England), Valuta, Vostorg, Girlianda, Kaskad, Lukomor, Moskovskoye Ozherelie, Poezia, Priokskoye and Sozvezdie can be valuable sources when creating new columnar cultivars (Co gene). The sources of early fruiting, productivity, high commodity and consumer qualities, genotypes with a compact low crown are selected. Valuable sources of high commodity and consumer qualities of fruit of winter ripening cultivars are Gubernskoye, Kondratievskoye, Paskhalnoye, Pervenetz Rtisheva bred at Saratov Experimental Station of Gardening; Belarusian cultivars – Antey, Alesya, Belarusian Sladkoye, Belarusian Malinovoye, Imant, Zorka and foreign cultivars Breburn, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Ligol, Fuji and Honey Crisp. The use of cultivars that are resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors in breeding, in combination with sources of high quality fruit, will allow creating new cultivars for intensive biologized fruit orchards that ensure competitiveness and high profitability of production.
The purpose of this research was to study apple cultivars obtained from Luke (previously MTT Piikkiö, Finland) in order to have good candidates for breeding within the central zone of Russia. The studies were carried out in accordance with the methods of cultivar study and artificial freezing by modeling damaging factors using a freezing chamber. The assessment of the cultivars by yield, commodity and consumer qualities of fruit, resistance to adverse abiotic factors of the winter period is given. The ‘Vuokko’ cultivar was identified with a yield significantly higher than Antonovka. By modeling winter damage factors, ‘Sandra’, ‘Samo’ and ‘Make’ cultivars were identified with the resistance of the cambium and wood at the level of ‘Antonovka’, when the temperature in the of mid-winter dropped to –40 °C after hardening off, with the ability to keep the frost resistance at –25 °C after thaw and ability to restore the hardy state by lowering the temperature to –30 °C after thaw and re-hardening off. Cultivars ‘Sandra’, ‘Samo’ and ‘Make’ are recommended for creating new hardy cultivars with high-quality fruits for the temperate continental climate of Europe.
Data on the reaction of apple cultivars to unfavorable autumn-winter conditions were analysed and summarised. New scab resistant apple cultivars (gene Vf) obtained from the hybridisation of local adapted varieties with a donor of scab immunity also displayed hardiness to unfavourable winter conditions. As a result of artificial freezing, the cultivars resistant to spring frost (-3.5 oC) during flowering were identified. The mechanism of adaptation to unfavourable winter conditions, and the possibility of preliminary prediction of winter hardiness according to some indicators of the physiological state of tissues in wintering trees were found. In all apple cultivars, increase of the concentrations of sucrose, anthocyanin and cyanidin was noted during the autumn-winter period, but in winter-hardy cultivars this process was more intensive; the amount of cyanidin in the bark of shoots was 6-8 times higher in comparison with non-winter-hardy cultivars. Higher water loss in non-winter-hardy cultivars was observed under conditions of extreme temperatures, which can lead to significant freezing and sunburns late in winter. In winter-hardy cultivars, peroxidase activity decreased in winter, while in the non-winter-hardy cultivars it remains high, due to incomplete hardening of tissues.
The research was carried out at the sites of production study of VNIISPK in the period from 1990 to 2016. The plots were located on gray and dark gray forest soils of medium-loamy mechanical composition with the capacity of the humus horizon of 30-50 cm. The climate is temperate-continental with the vegetation period of 175-185 days. Average annual air temperature is 4.6⁰C, minimal temperature in winter is -40⁰C, maximal temperature in summer is +38⁰C. The study was conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods of variety investigation and frost resistance study in the laboratory using a freezer “ESPEC” PSL-2 KPN. The possibility of obtaining low-sized apple trees on the roots of vigorous seed rootstocks with the intercalary inserts of a low-sized clone rootstock was established. The insertion components of a low-sized clone rootstock provided the significant weakening of tree growth and precocity in comparison with a vigorous seed rootstock. High precocity was revealed in Orlovim, Ranneye Aloye, Zhelannoye and Yubilar (on the level of Papirovka). Imrus and Orlik showed high specific load per unit of cross-sectional area of the trunk (2.0). Annual or non-sharp periodical fructification in those varieties were developed at the expense of flower bud laying on the growth of fruit bags of twigs in the year of fruiting with good foliage, and the alternation of fruiting of some branches and trees. The best variety-rootstock combinations were revealed: summer varieties Zhelannoye/3-3-72, Orlovim/3-3-72, Ranneye Aloye/3-3-72 and winter varieties Imrus/3-3-72 and Orlik/3-3-72.
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