This paper presents a spatiotemporal analysis of the dynamics of heavy and extreme snowfalls in the Transcarpathian region during 1990-2019. Data on snowfalls are obtained from the observation points of the state hydrometeorological network of the Transcarpathian Regional Center of Hydrometeorology. Also there are data included from the Pozhezhevska snow avalanche station (Ivano-Frankivsk region) as a representative observation point for the highland zone of the eastern part of the Transcarpathian region. The analysis took into account the date of snowfall, the amount of precipitation that fell during the snowfall,l and its duration. The recurrence of different indicators of snowfall distribution was calculated for each observation point separately for the specified thirty-year period. Some results were mapped by the isolines using kriging interpolation. Spatio-temporal heterogeneities and regularities in the distribution of heavy and extreme snowfalls have been revealed.
Introduction. During the last decades in connection with rapid development of numerical methods of weather forecasting insufficient attention is given physical and statistical regularities. Nevertheless, climate change and its implications for the various sectors of the economy requires information about the probability characteristics of meteorological variables and phenomena, including wind anomaly. In the article it was considered experience of application Johnson′s distributions to equalize time series of surface wind speed in the meteorological station of Odessa-port in the central months of the seasons. Were found a number of regularities that take into account not only the seasonal and diurnal variation of parameters this distribution, but also the impact of physical and geographical conditions of the location meteorological station on the formation of surface wind regime. The purpose of publication is to substantiation application of Johnson′s law to approximate series of wind speed at the surface on the meteorological station Odessa-port. Methods and results. To describe the experimental data in various analytical models of the distribution law increasingly applied the family of Johnson's distributions. Its advantage compared to the distribution of the Pearson consists in the fact, that after some transformations, it leads to a normally distributed random variable. Approximation methods based on universal families of distributions provide flexibility solving the problem of alignment of distributions. The most common approaches to the construction of universal families are approaches based on the method of moments, and the replacement of the original sample the other, the distribution of which is the standard. Statistics wind is presented by following parameters: average values of wind speed, standard deviations, coefficients of asymmetry, excess, coefficient of variation and their error. Conducted alignment time series of surface wind speed using Johnson's distribution for station Odessa-port during a period 1981-1990 y.y., which managed to pick up when ε from -0.51 to -8.00. The parameter λ, which determines the scale of change of the random variable seasonal ranges from 63.56 in January (18 UTC) to 15.77 in October (18 UTC). Estimating shape parameters of wind speed curves η and γ, can reveal some features of the surface wind regime at the st. Odessa port during the year. The less γ, the less slope of the curves. The values of η and γ varies within 0,82-3,54 and 0,24-4,81, respectively. In all cases, λ > 1, indicating that the family of curves belonging SL. The values of Q, which vary from 0.01 to 0.07, confirm the possibility of equalization the series of wind speed at the st. Odessa-port, Johnson's distribution family of SL. Conclusion. For unimodal distributions of time series wind speed at the meteorological station Odessa-port in almost all cases, possible to use the universal distribution of the Johnson's family SL. The parameters of this distribution allow to reveal regularities, that take into account impact of physical and geographical conditions of the location stations on the formation of surface wind regime.
Information about wind is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Wind also causes many dangerous and extreme weather events. Modern climate changes require a certain revision of weather patterns previously accepted for the area. This article provides information on the current space and time distribution of wind characteristics within the territory of Morocco. During the period of 2005-2014 some monthly average wind speed values and data on repeatability of wind directions by gradations were obtained on the basis of physical and statistical analysis of results of observations of wind speed and directions performed at 26 stations. The authors defined the character of distribution of monthly averages of wind speed within the territory and its seasonal changes. Most of the territory is covered by mountains of Morocco which encourages development of local winds. At central and northern regions of Morocco predominance of weak winds due to complex orography of terrain is observed. In the central part of Morocco there is a region with the lowest values of wind speed. Formation of the wind regime at the coastal stations takes place in a developed breeze circulation. Wind speed and direction are significantly different at the nearby stations, such as Larache and Chefchaouen, Meknes and Fez. Increase of wind during the warmer half of a year was revealed at all stations. Nature of annual variation of average wind speed at the stations allows us to split the stations into two groups. The first group includes the stations where the average wind speed increases in summer and decreases in winter. The second group includes the stations where the average wind speed increases in spring and decreases in autumn. In the southern part and along the coast, where the terrain is flat, an increase of wind speed is observed. On open plains of the southern part of Atlantic coast during all seasons wind has a direction corresponding to direction of trade winds of the Northern hemisphere. It should be noted that the main factor forming air circulation within the territory of Morocco is represented by trade winds the intensity of which nearly doubles from summer to winter. Formation of wind directions at the stations takes place mainly under the influence of terrain of the area. At many stations predominant wind direction in January changes by 180º in comparison to the respective July values. Therefore, characteristics of the wind regime of Morocco in 2005-2014 consist in increase of wind speed in the coastal zone and decrease thereof in mountain areas together with presence of two types of annual variation of wind speed depending on physical and geographical conditions.
Formulation of the problem. The level of atmospheric air pollution in large cities is influenced by a number of factors, among which the most important are the emissions of pollutants into the air, the characteristics of the sources of admixtures, the landscape features, synoptic and meteorological conditions (Vystavnaya, Zubkovych 2014). The influence of the latter is associated with the scattering, washing out and transformation of harmful substances in the atmosphere, as well as the significant variability of their concentrations in space and time. The characteristics of the wind regime (wind direction and velocity), temperature inversions, and formation of low-troposphere currents are among the meteorological factors that most influence the concentrations of contaminants in the layer of atmosphere near the surface (Ivus 2017), (Agayar 2018) Shevchenko 2020). The purpose of the article is to develop and improve methods of forecasting meteorological conditions of atmospheric pollution over industrial areas of Odesa, as well as characterize the variability of meteorological values over the Northwest Black Sea. Methods. the data of four-time observations (01, 07, 13, 19 hours) for the main pollutants on the network of eight stationary posts for the February, April, July and October of 2011 are used as the initial materials. The catalog of typical synoptic processes over the territory of Ukraine for the period of 2011-2015 is compiled at the Department of Meteorology and Climatology of the OSENU. To clarify specific synoptic situations, synoptic maps of all levels (ground-level, AT-925, AT-850, AT-700 and AT-500) from the archive of the ARMSin (‘automatic forecaster workstation’- program for processing synoptic maps that is applied in Ukraine. Results. 1. CO concentrations in the city of Odesa increase with distance from the coastal strip in to the depth of land with maximum values in places with high traffic load, regardless of the season; 2. Absence of industrial facilities and meteorological conditions contribute to the low level of air pollution around post N 8. Exceedance of the maximum allowable concentrations of carbon monoxide is observed in 6 out of 8 observation posts; 3. Favorable conditions for the accumulation of admixtures are formed in peripheral processes with low-gradient pressure fields, in front parts of cyclones and in low-motion and small cyclones with the same air mass; 4. Temperature inversions almost always accompanied the accumulation of harmful admixtures in the ground layer of air above Odesa. Scientific novelty and practical significance. In this article we have analyzed influence of meteorological conditions on the level of atmospheric air pollution in Odesa region. For these purposes the more nuanced-based method of forecasting was adapted. We have demonstrated that its use has efficiency at the present time for improvement of operative prognostic units work for the Northwest Black Sea region. Such conclusions may be identified as a result of empirical findings.
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