Resistance training and detraining may alter leptin and adiponectin responses in an intensity-dependent manner. Leptin and adiponectin changes were strongly associated with RMR and anthropometric changes.
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the time course of leptin, adiponectin, and resting energy expenditure (REE) responses in overweight elderly males after acute resistance exercise protocols of various intensity configurations.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSForty inactive men (65–82 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10/group): control, low-intensity resistance exercise, moderate-intensity resistance exercise, and high-intensity resistance exercise. Exercise energy cost, REE, leptin, adiponectin, cortisol, insulin, lactate, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and glycerol were determined at baseline, immediately after exercise, and during a 72-h recovery period.RESULTSExercise energy cost was lower in high-intensity than in low-intensity and moderate-intensity groups (221.6 ± 8.8 vs. 295.6 ± 10.7 and 281.6 ± 9.8 kcal, P < 0.001). Lactate, glucose, NEFAs, and glycerol concentrations increased (P < 0.001) after exercise and returned to baseline thereafter in all groups. REE increased (P < 0.001) in all groups at 12 h in an intensity-dependent manner (P < 0.05). REE reached baseline after 48 h in the low- and moderate-intensity groups and after 72 h in the high-intensity group. Cortisol peaked in all active groups after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained elevated (P < 0.001) for 12 h. After adjustment for plasma volume shifts, leptin remained unaltered. Adiponectin concentration increased after 12 h and remained elevated for 24 h only in the high-intensity group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSResistance exercise does not alter circulating leptin concentration but does increase REE and adiponectin in an intensity-dependent manner for as long as 48 and 24 h, respectively, in overweight elderly individuals. It appears that resistance exercise may represent an effective approach for weight management and metabolic control in overweight elderly individuals.
Aims. The Aim of the present study was to examine whether there is a relationship between autonomic nervous system function and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods. A total of 50 (29 males) patients with T2D (mean age 58.4 ± 9.9 years, median diabetes duration 5.5 [IQR 2.0–9.25] years), on oral antidiabetic agents, underwent ECG recording and subcutaneous glucose monitoring, simultaneously and continuously, for 24 hours. Results. After adjustment for HbA1c and diabetes duration, total power of heart rate variability (HRV) was inversely associated with the standard deviation of the mean interstitial tissue glucose (MITG) and with the M-value during the entire recording (r: −0.29, P = 0.052; r: −0.30, P = 0.047, resp.) and during the night (r: −0.29, P = 0.047; r: −0.31, P = 0.03, resp.). Most of the HRV time-domain indices were significantly correlated with standard deviation of the MITG and the M-value. These correlations were stronger for the HRV recordings during the night. No significant association was found between HRV parameters and MAGE. Conclusions. HRV is inversely associated with GV in patients with T2D, which might be a sign of causation between GV and autonomic dysfunction. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the importance of GV in the pathogenesis of long-term complications of diabetes.
AIMS Aim of the present study is to compare control of hyperglycaemia and other diabetes-related cardiovascular risk factors during the years 1998 and 2006 and to estimate the change in the cost of medications prescribed for this purpose. METHODS We compared the medical records of all patients who were regularly followed in three major diabetes centers located in Athens and Piraeus, Greece, during 1998, with those who were examined at the same centers during 2006. The cost of medications was calculated in Euros per patient-year (euroPY), using the 2006 official Greek market prices. RESULTS A total of 1 743 eligible files were included in the study (805 files from 1998 and 938 from 2006). HbA (1c), LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure improved significantly in 2006 as compared to 1998 (7.0% vs. 8.1%, 2.9 mmol/l vs. 3.9 mmol/l and 134.9/77.6 mmHg vs. 139.3/80.9 mmHg respectively, p<0.001 for all comparisons). Treatment of hyperglycaemia was more intense and had a different pattern in 2006. The proportion of patients receiving antihypertensive, hypolipidaemic and antiplatelet drugs increased from 48.8% to 74.4%, from 15.2% to 61.2% and from 17.6% to 51.1% respectively (p<0.001 for all comparisons). A highly significant increase in the cost per patient-year was observed for all classes of medications in 2006. The total cost of all diabetes-related medications increased in 2006 by 221.1% (from 341.3+/-276.0 euroPY to 1095.8+/-634.1 euroPY). CONCLUSIONS Control of cardiovascular risk factors of patients with T2D, regularly followed by diabetes specialists, improved significantly in 2006 as compared to 1998. This improvement, however, was associated with a considerable increase in the cost of medications prescribed for treatment of these parameters.
Aims. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and QTc interval duration in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. A total of 70 patients with T2DM (35 chronic smokers, 35 nonsmokers) treated with oral antidiabetic medications underwent continuous ECG Holter monitoring for 24 hours and analysis of time- and frequency-domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV). HRV over short time was also assessed using the deep breathing test. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated using the spontaneous sequence method. The mean QTc interval was measured from the 24-hour ECG recordings. Results. Smokers had lower body mass index (BMI) and exhibited higher 24-hour mean heart rate. There was no difference regarding all measures of ANS activity between the two groups. Smokers showed increased mean QTc duration during the 24 hours (439.25 ± 26.95 versus 425.05 ± 23.03 ms, P = 0.021) as well as in both day (439.14 ± 24.31 ms, P = 0.042) and night periods (440.91 ± 32.30 versus 425.51 ± 24.98 ms, P = 0.033). The association between smoking status and mean QTc interval persisted after adjusting for BMI. Conclusions. Cigarette smoking is associated with prolongation of the QTc interval in patients with T2DM by a mechanism independent of ANS dysfunction.
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