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Context:The rate at which people eat has been suggested to be positively associated with obesity, although appetite and related gut hormones have not been measured. Objective:The objective of the study was to determine whether eating the same meal at varying speeds elicits different postprandial gut peptide responses. Design and Setting:This was a crossover study at a clinical research facility.Study Participants: Seventeen healthy adult male volunteers participated in the study. Intervention:A test meal consisting of 300 ml ice cream (675 kcal) was consumed in random order on two different sessions by each subject: meal duration took either 5 or 30 min. Main Outcome Measures:The postprandial response of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and the anorexigenic peptides peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 over 210 min was assessed. Visual analog scales for the subjective feelings of hunger and fullness were completed throughout each session.Results: Peptide YY area under the curve (AUC) was higher after the 30-min meal than after the 5-min meal (mean Ϯ SEM AUC 5 min meal: 4133 Ϯ 324, AUC 30 min meal: 5250 Ϯ 330 pmol/liter ⅐ min, P ϭ 0.004), as was glucagon-like peptide-1 AUC (mean Ϯ SEM AUC 5 min meal: 6219 Ϯ 256, AUC 30 min meal: 8794 Ϯ 656 pmol/liter ⅐ min, P ϭ 0.001). There was a trend for higher visual analog scale fullness ratings immediately after the end of the 30-min meal compared with immediately after the 5-min meal. There were no differences in ghrelin response.Conclusions: Eating at a physiologically moderate pace leads to a more pronounced anorexigenic gut peptide response than eating very fast. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 333-337, 2010)

Odontoclastic root resorption is a significant clinical issue in relation to orthodontic tooth movement, and resorption of the roots of primary teeth is an intriguing biological phenomenon. The functional coordination of the OPG/RANKL/RANK system seems to contribute not only to alveolar remodeling, but also to resorption during orthodontic tooth movement and physiological root resorption. Serum OPG and s-RANKL are related to regulation of bone homeostasis by the OPG/RANKL/RANK system, and determination of their concentrations might be useful for predicting the rate of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement, the net effect between bone remodeling and root resorption, and the degree of root resorption. It is therefore rational to speculate that a study of the levels of OPG and s-RANKL in blood and GCF, in relation to the degree of root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement, using healthy experimental animals and a carefully planned and organized experimental design, may be able to answer this intriguing question.

[1685][1686][1687][1688][1689][1690][1691][1692][1693]. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), assessed by indirect measurement of aortic pressure, is blunted in obesity. Additionally, the potential effect of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, aortic compliance, and metabolic parameters on BRS of obese subjects was investigated. Research Methods and Procedures:A group of 30 women with BMI Ͼ30 kg/m 2 and a group of 30 controls with BMI Ͻ25 kg/m 2 were examined. BRS was estimated by the sequence technique, cardiac ANS activity by short-term spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), and aortic compliance by the method of applanation tonometry. Results: BRS was lower in obese women (9.18 Ϯ 3.77 vs. 19.63 Ϯ 9.16 ms/mm Hg, p Ͻ 0.001). The median values (interquartile range) of the power of both the high-frequency and low-frequency components of the HRV were higher in the lean than in the obese participants Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant and independent association between BRS and age (p ϭ 0.003), BMI (p Ͻ 0.001), and high-frequency power of HRV (p Ͻ 0.001). These variables explained 72% of the variation of BRS values. Discussion: BRS is severely reduced in obese subjects. BMI, age, and the parasympathetic nervous system activity are the main determinants of BRS. Baroreflex behavior is of clinical relevance because an attenuated BRS represents a negative prognostic factor in cardiovascular diseases, which are common in obesity.

It is highly plausible that sonography will be used in clinical practice for the routine assessment of regional adiposity.

The implementation of a lifestyle intervention programme to prevent T2DM in the community is practical and feasible, accompanied by favourable lifestyle changes. Recruitment from workplaces was the most successful strategy.

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