Eating Slowly Increases the Postprandial Response of the Anorexigenic Gut Hormones, Peptide YY and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

Abstract

Context:The rate at which people eat has been suggested to be positively associated with obesity, although appetite and related gut hormones have not been measured. Objective:The objective of the study was to determine whether eating the same meal at varying speeds elicits different postprandial gut peptide responses. Design and Setting:This was a crossover study at a clinical research facility.Study Participants: Seventeen healthy adult male volunteers participated in the study. Intervention:A test meal consisting of 300 ml ice cream (675 kcal) was consumed in random order on two different sessions by each subject: meal duration took either 5 or 30 min. Main Outcome Measures:The postprandial response of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and the anorexigenic peptides peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 over 210 min was assessed. Visual analog scales for the subjective feelings of hunger and fullness were completed throughout each session.Results: Peptide YY area under the curve (AUC) was higher after the 30-min meal than after the 5-min meal (mean Ϯ SEM AUC 5 min meal: 4133 Ϯ 324, AUC 30 min meal: 5250 Ϯ 330 pmol/liter ⅐ min, P ϭ 0.004), as was glucagon-like peptide-1 AUC (mean Ϯ SEM AUC 5 min meal: 6219 Ϯ 256, AUC 30 min meal: 8794 Ϯ 656 pmol/liter ⅐ min, P ϭ 0.001). There was a trend for higher visual analog scale fullness ratings immediately after the end of the 30-min meal compared with immediately after the 5-min meal. There were no differences in ghrelin response.Conclusions: Eating at a physiologically moderate pace leads to a more pronounced anorexigenic gut peptide response than eating very fast. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 333-337, 2010)

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

“…In general, persons who eat quickly are thought to consume too much energy before recognising satiety, since satiety signals transmitted to the brain are triggered by nutrient ingestion, gastric distension and the release of gut factors, including cholecystokinin [21]. A previous study demonstrated that eating quickly leads to lower postprandial concentrations of anorexigenic gut peptides such as peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 [22]. Another study showed that eating slowly decreased energy intake and resulted in more satiety after meal completion [23].…”

“…These findings may imply that eating quickly increases HbA 1c levels by increasing postprandial plasma glucose levels. In addition, the effects of eating quickly on blunted postprandial GLP-1 responses [22] and insulin resistance [29,30] may fail to compensate for the increased postprandial glucose levels induced by eating quickly.…”

Oral feeding behavior during a whole meal

“…Among such studies, a number have investigated meal duration and eating rate to elucidate an association with food intake amount [19][20][21]38,39,[42][43][44][45]. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the factors of oral behavior that influence the duration of a naturally eaten meal and to examine changes in those factors during the meal.…”

High Fiber Fat and Protein Contents Lead to Increased Satiety Reduced Sweet Cravings and Decreased Gastrointestinal Symptoms Independently of Anthropometric Hormonal and Metabolic Factors

“…Mastication also has a direct effect on satiety through histamine activation of para-ventricular nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus [26]. Experimental trials in healthy volunteers have shown that food intake with increased mastication induces less feeling of hunger and desire to eat [27], and slower eating leads to increased satiety scoring [28]. In analogy, epidemiological studies show that fast eating is associated with increased BMI and insulin resistance [29,30].…”