The grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine onto styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer by irradiation was studied. Cationic and anionic groups were introduced by sulfonation and methylation to obtain a charged mosaic membrane.The experiments showed an increased rate of grafting with the increase of irradation dose. The best concentration of monomer was at 20%.After grafting, the contact angle and the water content were tested and morphology studies were performed.Furthermore, the tensile strength of this membrane increased with increased percentage of grafting. After testing, the charged mosaic membrane had a reduced potential. Its anionic and cationic exchange capacitites were between 0.12 to 0.13 meqlg, and 0.24 to 0.343 meqlg, respectively. The ratio of exchanged capacity was up to 0.509. KCl and urea can be separated by dialysis. In the determination of a piezodialysis, the salt enrichment reached a percentage of 10.3.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:4-Vinylpyridin wurde durch Bestrahlung auf ein Styrol-Butadien-Styrol-Blockcopolymeres aufgepfropft. Kationische und anionische Gruppen wurden durch Sulfonierung und Methylierung eingefiihrt, wobei eine Membran mit Ladungsmosaik entstand.Die Experimente zeigten, dal3 die Pfropfgeschwindigkeit mit der Strahlendosis anstieg. Die giinstigste Monomerkonzentration lag bei 20%.Nach der Pfropfung wurden der Kontaktwinkel und der Wassergehalt bestimmt sowie Morphologiestudien unternommen. Ferner wurden Zug-Dehnungsuntersuchungen durchgefiihrt sowie das Potential, die Ionenaustauschkapazitlten und das Austauschkapazitltsverhiiltnis der Membranen untersucht. KCl und Harnstoff kdnnen mittels solcher Membranen getrennt, und eine Salzanreicherung in einer Druckdialyse kann erreicht werden. 0 1987 Huthig & Wepf Verlag, Basel OOO3-3146/87/$03.00 4-Vinyl Pyridine Grafted SBS
ReagentsMethanol, toluene, nitromethane, methyl iodide, and methylene blue were all Merck reagents. Sulfur monochloride, chlorosulfonic acid, silver nitrate, and urea were all reagent grade. Heptane and 1, I ,2,2-tetrachloroethane were practical grade. All reagents were used without purification.The procedure for preparation of a charged mosaic membrane and details of the description of the experiments were given in Scheme I .
The inner operations of the human brain as a biological processing system remain largely a mystery. Inspired by the function of the human brain and based on the analysis of simple neural network systems in other species, such as Drosophila, neuromorphic computing systems have attracted considerable interest. In cellular-level connectomics research, we can identify the characteristics of biological neural network, called population, which constitute not only recurrent fullyconnection in network, also an external-stimulus and selfconnection in each neuron. Relying on low data bandwidth of spike transmission in network and input data, Spiking Neural Networks exhibit low-latency and low-power design. In this study, we proposed a configurable population-based digital spiking neuromorphic processor in 180nm process technology with two configurable hierarchy populations. Also, these neurons in the processor can be configured as novel models, integer quadratic integrate-and-fire neuron models, which contain an unsigned 8-bit membrane potential value. The processor can implement intelligent decision making for avoidance in real-time. Moreover, the proposed approach enables the developments of biomimetic neuromorphic system and various low-power, and low-latency inference processing applications with normalized energy efficiency of 13.2 pJ/SOP.
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