A new one-stage nitritation/anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process with two-inflow was proposed to provide suitable coexistence conditions for ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria. Reactor performances were examined using a two-inflow biofilm reactor fed with artificial ammonia-containing wastewater. For start-up, an anammox biofilm was cultivated in a wound filter set in the center of the reactor until the anammox process occurred stoichiometrically. Then, sponge media containing abundant AOB were added to the reactor, and aeration of the reactor began, also nitrite concentrations in the substrate decreased and the ammonium concentration increased gradually. Both anammox and nitritation occurred in the reactor. The maximum nitrogen removal efficiency achieved was 49%, the maximum ammonium conversion efficiency was 60%, and the maximum nitrogen removal rate was 0.228 kg-N/(m 3 ·d) at the nitrogen loading rate of 0.5 kg-N/ (m 3 ·d). It was estimated that ammonium oxidation (nitritation) occurred in the sponge; hence, the anammox reaction occurred in the biofilm attached to the filter.
This research performs an analysis of heavy metals in the waters and sediments of Lake Maninjau and the resultant pollution index value. The research was carried out in 11 locations, e.g., floating net cages, endemic fisheries, near settlements, hydropower plants, and seven rivers at the lake’s inlet and outlet at a depth of 0-1.5 metres. Determining the pollution index was conducted based on heavy metals and environmental parameters. Aside from Zn, the concentration of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu in the waters in all locations exceeded the quality standard. The Hg metal in sediments in all areas exceeded the quality standard of contaminated soil. Concentrations of heavy metals in sediment are higher than that of heavy metals in water. 8 of 11 sampling locations were in the medium polluted category, with the fish cage location having the highest pollution index (PI) value. Anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture, water transportation, and settlements around the lake have an effect on the waters and sediments of the lake, characterised by heavy metal contamination. The lake’s quality must be continuously monitored, and wastewater management improved from activities around the lake to control heavy metal contamination. Further evaluation is required of the heavy metals contamination originating from anthropogenic activities and natural sources.
Most people in Indonesia utilize and cultivate peatlands based on their unwise habits. They clear the peatlands by burning to be planted. If this condition is left alone, it certainly will threaten the existence and sustainability of peatland ecosystems in the future. Therefore, a breakthrough is needed to solve this problem by actively involving all interested parties. In the context of peatland maintenance specifically and environmental preservation efforts in general, the development of peat forests into peat arboretum is very important. Especially if the existence of this peat arboretum can be used as a educational facility managed by the community by applying the concept of education for sustainable development (ESD). Peatland management through the ESD-based Peat Arboretum can be a model in an effort to encourage people to be constructive and creative in facing the challenges of global warming. Moreover, this effort is also expected to create a resilient community in the sustainable management of peatlands.
This study aims to determine community empowerment based on Kepenghuluan-owned enterprises (Bumkep) in Kepenghuluan Sinaboi, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The problem of social welfare development related to various other development fields is the low economic level of society. This is characterized by unemployment, underdevelopment and helplessness. Therefore, it takes the role of the Kepenghuluan Sinaboi to increase community empowerment by utilizing the Sinaboi BUMKEP. This research chooses a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results of this study found that the local community still lacks information about the utilization of local potential, the empowerment that is participatory is very minimal.
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