MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a new class of noncoding RNAs, which can hybridize to target messenger RNAs and regulate their expression posttranscriptionally, express differentially in distinct stages of lymphopoiesis and influence the direction of lymphoid precursor maturation. Hence, there is aberrant expression of miRNAs involved in malignant lymphopoiesis, and these aberrations can be used as signatures of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with different subtypes. In addition, changes in the expression of several miRNAs may have functional relevance with leukemogenesis or drug resistance. As a result, the reversal of the expression of these miRNAs may alleviate the disease to some extent and improve clinical outcomes. However, among the studies of miRNAs, there are still some problems that need to be solved to understand the function of miRNAs in ALL more thoroughly.
Carbon inverse opal rods made from silica photonic crystal rods are used for nonenzymatic cholesterol sensing. The characteristic reflection peak originating from the physical periodic structure works as sensing signals for quantitatively estimating cholesterol concentrations. Carbon inverse opal rods work both in cholesterol standard solutions and human serum. They are suitable for practical use in clinical diagnose.
For analysis of biomacromolecules, a sensitive, specified and reliable method is indispensable. Fluorescent dyes or fluorophores have been widely used as mediums to obtain readout signals in various assays or bioimaging because of their versatilities such as biocompatibility. Those fluorescent dyes based techniques manipulate many molecular interactions for analysis of biomacromolecules including antibody-protein interaction, base complementation, glycan-lectin interaction, etc. The strategies to manipulate those molecular interactions are various and always updating due to the development of biotechnological tools and instruments. In this minireview, we summarize the state of the art of signal improvement techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids. We focus on the principle and mechanism of those techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules. We also discuss the future trend of the techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules.
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