Mallotus s.str. is a monophyletic, large, palaeotropical genus in the family Euphorbiaceae. We investigated the phylogeny of the genus in order to (1) determine the evolutionary relationships within the Mallotus s.str. clade; (2) assess whether the six sections as circumscribed in the traditional classification reflect clades and evaluate the characters used in the classification; and (3) determine what are additional new clades and their supporting morphological characters. For this purpose we assembled different datasets: plastid (matK) and nuclear (gpd) DNA sequences, macromorphological features and leaf anatomical data. We found that Mallotus sect. Mallotus, sect. Polyadenii and sect. Stylanthus are monophyletic, M. sect. Axenfeldia and sect. Rottleropsis are polyphyletic, and M. sect. Philippinenses is paraphyletic. Six additional clades with morphological synapomorphies were also identified. An analysis of quantitative morphological data, in combination with qualitative morphological and molecular datasets resulted in almost completely resolved phylogenies and increased support values. However, the higher‐level relationships between the clades are not supported in our analyses and the position of many taxa is still ambiguous.
SUMMARYA recent phylogenetic study based on DNA sequence data detected a well-supported clade of a number of Mallotus species together with the genus Cordemoya. This clade is distinct from the large Mallotus s.s. clade. In this paper, Cordemoya (formerly monotypic with C. integrifolia from the Mascarene Islands) is expanded with sixteen additional species previously assigned to Mallotus. Taxa transferred to Cordemoya are: Mallotus sections Hancea and Oliganthae from Asia and M. baillonianus, M. capuronii, and M. spinulosus from Madagascar. The genus Cordemoya can be distinguished from Mallotus s.s. by the presence of pollen with areolate ornamentation with scabrae (perforate/microreticulate ornamentation with scabrae in the sample of Mallotus s.s. studied up to now) and of capitate glandular hairs with multicellular stalks and sessile peltate-stellate hairs with a central cell (spherical to disc-shaped multicellular glandular hairs in Mallotus). In the new circumscription of Cordemoya two subgenera are recognized: Cordemoya from Madagascar and Mascarenes and Diplochlamys from Asia. The latter is divided into two sections: Diplochlamys (former sect. Hancea), and Oliganthae. A taxonomic revision of part of these taxa is provided (excl. section Diplochlamys); descriptions, distribution maps, habit drawings and a key are included.
In this study we examine the occurrence of plants and their symbolic, economic, and intrinsic values in Slovenian folk songs. We have analyzed songs published by the ethnologist Karel Štrekelj between 1895 and 1912. Of the 8686 songs studied, plants occur in 1246 (14%) of them. A total of 93 plant taxa were found, belonging to 48 plant families. Grapevine is the most frequently mentioned species, followed by rosemary, wheat, carnation, and lily. About half of the taxa belong to cultivated plants (52%), followed by wild plants (42%). Exotic plants (i.e., not growing in the area) are mentioned only occasionally (6%). Half of all citations (49.3%) refer to the symbolic values, such as religion, love, death, economic status, or human qualities. More than a third of the citations (36.7%) are associated with plant’s usefulness, especially consumption, while only a small percentage of citations (14.0%), relate to environmental representation. Several verses show how our appreciation of some plants, especially those used as food, has changed over the centuries. Folk songs have turned out to be interesting sources of information, and although they cannot be fully trusted as historical documents, they can still be used as sources for understanding the relationship between people and plants.
Za uspešno pridobivanje teoretičnega znanja in globlje razumevanje zgradbe in delovanja bioloških struktur ter pojavov je teoretični pouk bioloških predmetov na vseh stopnjah izobraževanja podprt s praktičnimi vajami. Na visokošolski stopnji so praktične vaje pri posameznih predmetih celo bolj ali manj enakovreden del predavanjem. Na študenta osredinjeni pristopi učenja in poučevanja, podprti z orodji informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT), lahko pripomorejo k učinkovitejšemu razvoju znanja, izjemnega pomena pa so lahko tudi z vidika pridobivanja digitalnih kompetenc pri študentih. Na Fakulteti za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije Univerze na Primorskem (UP FAMNIT) smo izvedli anketno raziskavo, v kateri smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšne metode poučevanja uporabljajo izvajalci praktičnega pouka bioloških predmetov. Rezultati so pokazali, da le slaba polovica anketiranih izvajalcev v praktični pouk vključuje inovativne metode učenja in poučevanja. Med orodji IKT, po katerih smo spraševali v anketi, več kot 80 % vprašanih pozna in uporablja prosto dostopno virtualno učno okolje Moodle. Mnogi poznajo tudi druge spletne aplikacije, vendar jih ne vključujejo v pedagoški proces. Večina vprašanih je naklonjena uporabi orodij IKT, a jih največkrat ne uporabljajo zaradi stiske s časom ali zaradi njihovega slabega poznavanja.
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