Recent quantitative research in competitive sport with the Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Perceptions of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) pointed to a potential critical issue that the two questionnaires did not agree across a number tested hypotheses (Lochbaum, Kazak Çetinkalp, Graham, Wright, & Zazo, 2016). Thus, the present quantitative review examined whether correlates of the two achievement goal orientations were moderated by the two measures. To achieve this purpose, 772 unique correlates (489 TEOSQ, 283 POSQ; 402 task orientation, 370 ego orientation) from 93 studies spanning 1989-2016 from 32 countries with 26,387 participants were placed into 15 different categories and meta-analyzed. The task goal orientation was significantly and small to moderate in meaningfulness related to adaptive success factors (rw=.29), maladaptive success factors (rw=-.12), desirable behaviors (rw=.28), positive emotions (rw=.35), amotivation (rw=-.13), extrinsic motivation (rw=.20), external regulations (rw=.12), internal regulations (rw=.34), intrinsic motivation (rw=.47), the mastery/task climate (rw=.38), perceived competence (rw=.26), and trait selfesteem (rw=.35). The ego goal orientation was significantly and small in meaningfulness related to adaptive success factors (rw=.10), maladaptive success factors (rw=.12), negative emotions (rw=.11), undesirable behaviors (rw=.23), amotivation (rw=.16), extrinsic motivation (rw=.28), external regulation (rw=.21), intrinsic motivation (rw=.14), performance/ego climate (rw=.28), and perceived competence (rw=.17). The questionnaire measure was a significant moderator for the task goal orientation relationship with desirable behaviors (POSQ rw=.24; TEOSQ rw=.37), internal regulations (POSQ rw=.26; TEOSQ rw=.39), and trait self-esteem (POSQ rw=.45; TEOSQ rw=.32) and for the ego goal orientation relationship with performance/ego climate (POSQ rw=.34; TEOSQ rw=.24). Overall, the extent of the questionnaire type being a concern when examining correlates was fortunately minimal. Yet, differences in the two dominant measures exit. Recommendations for future research examining both the TEOSQ and POSQ were proposed.

Achievement goal theory (AGT) is a dominant theoretical framework. The purposes of this review were (1) to provide a summary of the task and ego goal orientations literature in competitive sport as measured by the Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) or the Perceptions of Success in Sport Questionnaire (POSQ), (2) to test the interdependence of the two goal orientations, and (3) to provide the estimated means for both orientations across a number of historically examined moderator variables. 260 studies met inclusion criteria totaling 80,959 unique participants across 39 countries and 32 sports. Youth samples were nearly 50% of all included studies. The meta-analyzed intercorrelations (rw=.18, z=9.96, p<.000) supported the conceptualized interdependence of the two goal orientations. The estimated mean values were 4.15+.30 (task) and 3.04+.51 (ego). However, differences, POSQ compared to TEOSQ, existed in the estimated means (g=.92 task; g=1.09 ego). Thus, the TEOSQ and POSQ samples for the moderator variables (i.e. sex, sport level, sport type, and collective/individualistic countries) were examined separately. Results both supported and refuted the hypotheses and also differed by measure. Because of TEOSQ and POSQ inconsistencies, an additional analysis was undertaken to examine whether the TEOSQ and POSQ differed to a common correlate motivation climate. This analysis revealed measurement differences in the ego to ego climate relationships. In conclusion, AGT has been extensively researched in competitive sport. The inconsistent pattern of results raises a number of future research questions.

The purpose in this investigation was to determine whether or not goal orientation and self-efficacy level could predict the motivation to participate in adolescent male soccer players. Participants were 159 male soccer players aged 13 and 14 (M = 13.43, SD = .49). Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze data. Achievement/status and competition were positively predicted by ego orientation. Skill development was positively predicted by task orientation. Team affiliation, being active/movement, and fitness/energy were positively predicted by self-efficacy. Goal orientation and self-efficacy were not found to be significant predictors of fun and friendship.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of perceived motivational climate and situational motivation levels on dispositional flow in physical education classes. 242 boys (Mage=13.38; SD=0.95) and 251 girls (Mage=13.27; SD=0.88) a total of 493 secondary school students (Mage=13.32; SD=0.91) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical Education Situational Motivational Scale, Learning and Performance Orientation in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire and Physical Education Dispositional Flow Scale-2 were administered to all participants. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that identified regulation, intrinsic motivation, pupil learning climate and teacher-initiated learning explained a significant amount of variance in dispositional flow in physical education (p<0.05). The pupil learning climate, identified regulation and leisure time sport participation were the strongest predictors, respectively. These findings suggested that promoting mastery-oriented climate, self-determined situational motivation, and participation in sport will foster dispositional flow in the physical education setting.

The relationship between achievement goals and physical self-perceptions of adolescent athletes was examined in this study. Participants were 208 adolescent athletes with a mean age of 16.35 + 0.48 years. Independent samples t tests, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that female athletes' masteryavoidance scores were higher than male athletes'. Mastery-approach goals were related to sports competence and global physical self-concept. Performance-approach goals were associated with sports competence, global physical self-concept, and global self-esteem. Performance-avoidance goals were related only to sports competence. In addition, the mastery-approach goal was predicted by global physical self-concept, and performanceapproach and performance-avoidance goals were positively predicted by sports competence.

Flourishing is a construct used to understand human growth. Exercise psychology research is scant concerning this valuable construct. Hence, our purpose was to examine different levels of flourishing and related constructs within a large group of self-reported exercisers from a basic psychological need profile perspective. Participants were 389 female and 387 male adults attending fitness centers. Hierarchical cluster analyses revealed the presence of three clusters with significantly different psychological need profiles across the three basic needs. Separate multivariate analyses of variance were used for the analyses for our demographic variables and psychological variables. Follow-up post hoc tests showed that these clusters differed significantly and were low to moderate in meaningfulness regarding exercise min/week and sports experience. The clusters differed significantly, with moderate to large meaningfulness, in flourishing, positive affect, and relative autonomy. Self-reported exercise and sports participation were not the important cluster characteristics. Our results indicated that self-reported levels of flourishing, positive affect, and autonomy differ even within a large group of self-reported exercisers attending fitness centers that on average exceeded the weekly-recommended number of moderate-to-vigorous activity minutes. Thus, our results suggest the importance of fitness centers in meeting their participants’ three basic needs.

Abstract.Purpose: was to examine the 2 × 2 achievement goal profiles of Chilean young adults regularly participating in competitive and recreational sport. Materials: participants were 108 female and 132 males who were recruited from the Valparaiso and Viña del Mar areas of Chile. Participants completed a valid and reliable measure of the 2 × 2 achievement goals referenced to sport participation. Results: indicated that the entire sample significantly (p < .05) and very meaningfully (Hedges' g range 1.13 -2.91) endorsed the mastery-approach goal more so than the other three achievement goals. Male participants significantly (p < .05) endorsed both approach goals and the mastery goal contrast more so than the female participants. These differences approached medium in meaningfulness (Hedges' g range .40 -.46). Significant differences did not exist between competitive and recreational athletes on any of the achievement goals or goal contrasts. Confirming the lack of significant differences were the computed small to negligible in magnitude effect sizes. Conclusions: the present data were a first look into profiling sport participants on the 2 × 2 achievement goals in Chile. Given this sample of Chilean participants endorsed the performance goals far less than found in the sport psychology 2 × 2 achievement goal literature, more research is needed before these results are generalized to Chilean sport participants. Future research must also examine the relationships of antecedents and consequences to the 2 × 2 achievement goals to advance sport psychology in Chile.

B u çalışmanın amacı kadın ve erkek sporcularda başarı hedefi yönelimini öngörmede kendine güven, genel fiziksel yeterlik, spor yeteneği ve yaşam doyumunun rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmaya farklı spor dallarından 820 sporcu (n erkek= 497; X yaş = 21.77 3.92 ve n kadın = 323; X yaş =20.74 3.78) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların kendine güven, genel fiziksel yeterlik, spor yeteneği düzeyini, yaşam doyumunu ve başarı hedeflerini belirlemek için sırasıyla Marsh Kendini Fiziksel Tanımlama Anketi, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Sporda 2 2 Başarı Hedefleri Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin ortalama ve standart sapmaları belirlenmiş, cinsiyetler arasındaki farklılığı ortaya koymak amacıyla bağımsız gruplar için t testi hesaplanmıştır. Adımsal çoklu regresyon analizi kadın ve erkeklerin puanları için ayrı ayrı uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların spor yeteneği (p<0.01) ve yaşam doyumu (p<0.001) puanlarında cinsiyete göre farklılık görülmüştür. Kadın sporcularda genel fiziksel yeterlik algısı, ustalık-yaklaşma hedef yönelimi ile pozitif A B S T R A C T T he purpose of the present study was to examine the role of self-esteem, global physical selfconcept, sport competence and life satisfaction in the prediction of achievement goal orientations in female and male athletes. 820 athletes (n male= 497; X age =21.77 3.92 ve n female =323; X age =20.74 3.78) participated in this study. Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, The Satisfaction with Life Scale and 2x2 Achievement Goals Questıonnaire for Sport were used as the measure of self-esteem, global physical self-concept, sport competence, life satisfaction and goal orientation levels, respectively. Data are reported as means and standard deviations and independent samples t tests were calculated to compare the scores for the two gender. Then, multiple regression analyses with stepwise were applied separately to data of male and female athletes. Gender differences were observed in sport competence (p<0.01) and life satisfaction (p<0.001) of participants. Global physical self-concept was positive related to mastery-appro